fast "Btxiah rf ftitessl Irsta 



f5 



BY EMMA WILLARD. 



(DESIGNED FOR PRESENTATION.) 



NEW YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES A CO. 

1855. 



(copyright secured.) 



THE LAST PERIODS 

^ ... 
V"" 

MRS. WILIARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



Prefatory Remarks.-^— The fresh events just added to my Universal 
History are, f^hoiigli forcibly condensed into small compass, numerous, 
and full of interest and importance. Like Columbus, I have steered my 
bark through untraveled seas, having collected my facts mostly from 
newspapers and periodicals, including annals ; but I have journeyed in the 
meantime in my own and in foreign countries, and have often enjoyed the 
privilege of conversing with the actors of the historic drama, or those 
personally acquainted with their deeds. The ability to trace great events 
to their true causes, cannot exist without previous familiarity with his- 
tory; nor is tMs 'alone sufFicieift. And here it becomes no historian to 
presume on his own success^ but humbly to. await the award of his judges. 

Hoping, however, that my work may satisfy and j)lease, I oflPer it to 
those, whom I respect and honor. To rny personal friends I send it 
as a token of affection. To my litefrary friends, whether known or un- 
known, it is in many cases sent as a grateful acknowledgement of similar 
gifts. But especially do I wish to place thi's new portion of my history 
under the eye of those who are judges of its correctness, and from whose 



benevolence or personal regard, I may hope the favor, that if any error 
is perceived, it will be made known to me, that I may correct it. 

The " Last Periods " will also be sent as a specimen of the entire work ; 
yet they will give but an imperfect idea of the Universal History as a 
whole. As such, we claim for it, the first clear and logical arrangement 
of the subject ; — adopted by the author without precedent, but with 
conclusive reasons. Instead of dividing the long line of time into ancient 
and modern, with the uncertain period of the middle ages coming in- 
definitely between, and instead of taking for the beginning of modern his- 
tory, either the vague period of the revival of learning, or the close of an 
empire long in hopeless decay, our plan boldly cuts the line of time into three 
definite parts — ancient, middle, and modern — by the two most important 
epochs of history, viz. : the birth of Christ and the discovery of America, 
Each part was then easily subdivided into its appropriate periods by 
epochs. The early geographical extension of the world is, at the places of 
these divisions, shown to the eye by a series of maps ; and the memory 
is farther aided by j^ictorial illustrations. The dates are made in heavy 
type on the margins. The dynasties of the reigning sovereigns are also 
set on the margin, but d,istinguished by running lengthwise of the page ; 
the battle-fields, with the known numbers of contending forces and their 
losses, are also placed there, but with a peculiar type, and the treaties 
with still another; and these peculiar characters are kept in the chrono- 
logical table. Thus each page becomes a species of picture, leaving its 
daguerrean impression on the mind of the student. 

The grand problem, what is the true method of representing historic 
time by space, was solved by the completion of the "Temple of Time," of 
which the first conception was formed in the arrangement of this work,, 
and the first published sketch is the frontispiece, and its enlarged floor- 
work, called a " Picture of Nations," precedes the chronological table. 

Finally, my improvements in educational history were thirty years in 
progress ; and the success of many schools is due, in no small degree, to 
their adoption and skillful use. 

EMMA WILLARD. 

Tiioy, August, 1855. 



TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY, 

FOR THE 

TENTH AND LAST PERIOD 

OF 

MRS. WILLARD'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Modern His. iu D. Pa«b 

^ _^ ^ -^ V 1848 Feb. 24, Eevolution in France. Downfall of Louis Philippe. 

Establishment of a republic, ----- 501 

March, Eevoltjtions in the smaller States of Germany, - -505 

In Prussia, - - - - -.- - - 506 

In Aw&iriQ. {Downfall of Metternich)^ - - - 507-8 

In Lombardy, and other States of Italy, - - - - 509 

March 29, The Hungarians complete, with the pretended sanc- 
tion of the emperor of Austria, their free constitution, - 518 
Eising of the people in Sleswick and Holstein, - - -514 
May 18, Delegates meet at Frankfort-on-the-Maine to constitute 

a federal government for Germany. (The attempt fails), - 505 
June 23 to 26, Terrible riot of the Socialists in Paris, - - 503 

August, Insurrection in Ireland. Smith O'Brien and others ta- 
ken and transported, ------ 517 

Nov. 25, Flight of the Pope to Gaeta in Naples, — the Eepublic 
in Eome, - - - - - - - 511 

Extension of the British Empire in India, - - -515 

In America, the Mormons settle Salt Lake City, - - 526 

Gold discovered in California. (Great Immigration succeeds), - 526 
Dec. 2, Ferdinand, emperor of Austria, resigns his crown to 
Francis Joseph, the counter-revolution being completed, - 509 
1849 March 24, NO VARA. Charles Albert, of Sardinia, defeated by 
Eadetzky, abdicates in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, 
and Lombardy is regained by the Austrians, - - - 510 

" August, Venice retaken by the Austrians after a long and severe 

siege, -- - - - - - -511 



rv 



CHEONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Modern, Ms. A. D. Pagb 

^^.-..^,-.1 ..^ 1849 April 26, Counter-revolution in Prussia completed by count 

Brandenburg, -.-__--_ 507 
" April, French troops under Gen. Oudinot sent to Eome. (July 5, 

they bombard and take the city, destroy the Eepublic, and 

re-establish the Pope), ------ 508 

" April 12, Palermo, after a bloody revolt, submits to the king of 

the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II., - - - - 511 

" TIJMESVAB, Aug. 9. Hungary having conquered the Aus- 

trians, is cruelly subjugated to Austria by the Kussians, - 514 

1850 Eebellion breaks out in China, _ - _ _ _ 524 
" Great slavery agitation in the American Congress, - - 526 

1851 May 1, Opening of the Great Exhibition of the Industry of all 
Nations at London, ---___ 517 

" Ecclesiastical Titles Bill passed by the British Parliament, - 517 
" Slavery agitation in America quieted by the passage of Mr. Clay's 

Compromise Bill, - - - - - - 526 

" Dec. 2, French Eepublic brought to an end by Louis Napoleon's 

" coup d^etat^'''' ------- 504 

1852 March 19, Chinese rebels take Nankin, - - - - 525 
" November 21, The French Empire restored, under Napoleon III., 504 

185S Gold discovered in Australia, _ _ _ - -516 

" April 13, Prince Menchikoff sent to Constantinople by the czar 

to set up his claim to the essential sovereignty of Turkey, 

which leads to the Russo-Turkish War, - - 520 

" OLTENITZA. Turks on the Danube defeat the Eussians who 

have invaded the Principalities, = _ _ _ 520 

" Nov. 11, Alliance between France and England, against 

Eussia, - - - -- - - - 521 

" Nov. 27, SINOPR Eussians capture the entire Turkish fleet in 

the Black Sea, 

" Santa Anna recalled* and made dictator of Mexico, - -525 

1854 Sept. 20, Allies advancing upon Sebastopol, gain the victories of 



ALMA, BALAKLA VA, and INKERMANN, 
*' In the American Congress the Nebraska Bill is passed, 
" Dec. 2, Treaty of Vienna. Double dealing of Austria, 
1855 March 2, Death of the czar Nicholas, - - - 

" Treaty of America with Japan, _ _ - 




Tiie Battle of Waterloo. 



PERIOD IX. 



THE BATTLE 



) June, ( 
f 1815,1 



OF WATERLOO 



THE EXTENSION OF THE AM. 
REPUBLIC BY THE TREATY OF 
GUADALUPE, AND THE DISCOV- 
ERY OF GOLE IN CALIFORNIA, 



f Pph 



AND THE DOWNFALL OF 



1 S J-S \ I-'^UIS-PHILIPPE BY THE FRENCH 






REVOLUTION. 



CHAPTER I. 

Brazil and Portugal. — Revolutions in America and Europe. 

1. The removal of John YI. of Portugal, and the Portuguese 
government, in 1808, to Brazil, was the beginning of that great 
South American empire. . . The Brazilian government open- 
ed their ports to all friendly nations ; abolished the Inquisition 
and the slave-trade,* and entered into an advantageous treaty of 
alliance and commerce with England. In 1815, John VI. re- 
turned to Portugal, and his son, Pedro, administered the gov- 
ernment. The Brazilians now asserted their independence, 
formed a constitution, and elected that prince emperor, under 
the title of Pedro I. Portugal acknowledged the independence 
of Brazil, and the emperor exchanged ministers and treaties with 
foreign nations. 

2. John VI. died in Portugal, March 10th, 1826, By the 
constitution of Brazil, Pedro the emperor, to whom the crown 

* Yet many slaves are to this time carried annually to Brazil. 1855. 



Modern His. 



PEKI'D 

CHAP. 



1815. 

Brazil 
inde- 
pendent 
of Por- 
tugal. 



Pedro I. 






Period IX. — Chap. I. — I. Who was sovereign of Portugal at the time 
of the government's removal to Brazil? When did the removal occur? 
What were the first acts of the government ? What occurred in 1815 ? 

469 



470 CIVIL WAES OF PORTUGAL AND SPAIN". 

Modem Mis. of Portugal now belonged, could not leave the new empire ; and 

PEKI'D IX. he resigned Portugal to his young daughter, Maria de Gloria. 

CHAP. I. Miguel, brother of Pedro, contested her right, and was aided 

^""""V"-^ by the nobility and the priests. The constitutionalists and pa- 

qSen^f triots were in favor of Maria. In the mean time, the Brazilians 

Portugal, demanded reforms, which were by no means agreeable to the 

Portuguese. Pedro wavered between the parties. Both the 

1§31. army and the people were against him, and on the 8th of April, 

m?father 1831, he abdicated in favor of his infant son, Pedro II,, a native 

returns to of Brazil ; and having established a regency, he embarked with 

°^ "sa • Mai-ia^ and the rest of his family for Portugal. 

3. Pedro having entered his hereditary dominions, summoned 
his brother to surrender to the queen, his daughter. The cruel- 

1§32. ties of Miguel, had already arrayed against him the hberal party, 
Portu^L^ who now rallied under Pedro. The Portuguese clergy branded 
them as heretics, with whom no faith was to be kept ; and thus 
1§33. ^^^ ^^^'^^ w^^ sharpened by religious persecution. The fleet of 
July 4th. Miguel was captured, Lisbon surrendered, and the usurper fled 
^endersTo' ^^ Spain. The populace rallied, proclaimed Maria, broke open 
Maria. the prisons, and liberated 5,000 prisoners. The queen's right 
was acknowledged by the high powers of Europe ; the clergy 
were humbled, the convents were suppressed, and their property 
1834. confiscated to the state. Miguel, however, still kept up a cruel 
Qu'druple partisan warfare ; when, on the 24th of April, 1834, a quadruple 
Alliancet alliance was signed between the powers of Portugul, Spain, 
France, and Great Britain, which guarantied the throne of Portu- 
^arrfedTn gal to Maria II. An adequate force was sent from England to 
^^^Eug^r maintain her authority. Under these circumstances Portugal 
a^SonTfter was of coursc Tulcd by that nation. — Spain had, by a singular 
to^he*?uSf coincidence, its young queen Isabella II., daughter to Ferdinand 
saxe cobuxg.) yxj,^ whosc claim was upheld by the liberal party, and a usurper- 
uncle, Don Carlos, who was sustained by the royalists and 
clergy. The Quadruple AlHance also guarantied the claims of 
1§33. Isabella against Carlos. In 1836, three years after the accession 
Isabella ^^ of Isabella, her mother Christina being regent, liberalism was 
dinand VII. for a time in the ascendant. The order of Jesuits was suppressed, 
"B sifi ^^^ convents were interdicted, and their property confiscated. 
900 convents Thesc violent proceedings strengthened the party of Don Carlos, 
interdicted, and renewed for a time the horrors of civil war. 

4. THE AMERICAN COLONIES OF SPAIN.— The jealous 
policy of Spain had led her to suppress, as much as possible, all 

2. How was Pedro situated on the death of his father, and what course 
did he take ? Give an account of Miguel. What occurred in Brazil, and 
what new arrangements were made ? Who went to Portugal ? — 3. What 
was done by Pedro, and who rallied under his banner ? Who were against 
him and his daughter, and what was the condition of Portugal? What 
successes had Pedro against Miguel? What number of prisoners were 
liberated? Who acknowledged the queen's right? What was done with 
respect to the convents ? What powers formed a quadruple alliance ? 
What did the alliance guarantee m respect to the government of Por- 
tugal? What in respect to Spain? When did Isabella succeed her fa- 
ther? Who was regent? What was done iu 1836 ? What was the con- 
Bequence ? 



MIRANDA AND BOLIVAR. 471 

intercourse between lier extensive American colonies and the ^^("^^^''n ins. 
rest of the world. Wearied with despotism, and disgusted with rEiiri) ix. 
the quanels and crimes of the reio-ning family, these provinces ^"^^'- ^■ 
took advantage of the invasion of Spain by Napoleon, and as- '^"""^^ 
serted their independence. This opened an intercoui'se between jndqxjiTd'? 
them and foreign nations, and their history thenceforth began to <^"'=^- 
be known. 

5. In 1806, GENERAL Miranda, a native of Caraccas, who i§06. 
had served with reputation in the armies of republican France, Movement 
made a generous, but premature attempt to liberate his native America. 
country. But in 1810, the patriots rose again, and although 
GENERAL MuRTLLO, with 10,000 troops was sent from Spain, 

yet the Spanish authorities were deposed, and a new govern- --e^^ 
ment organized, under the name of the " Confederation of Vene- venezuei'a 
zuela." A congress assembled, independence was declared, and a declares in- 
constitution on republican principles was adopted. But the 
numerous clergy were hostile, and soon found an occasion to 
arrest the progress of pubHc opinion, in the fatal earthquake 
which occurred March 26, 1812. On that day at 4 o'clock, 1812. 
P. M., with scarce a minute's warning, 4,500 dwellings and 19 Eanhquake 
churches were swallowed up, and 8,000 people went down to atcaraccaa. 
one common grave. The priests represented this dreadful phe- 
nomenon as a sign of the particular wrath of heaven, inflicted 
upon a rebellious and disobedient country, for daring to alter 
their political condition. The people were dismayed, and the 
whole province again submitted to royal authority. 

6. In 1813, this province was again emancipated by the bold i§i3. 
genius and successful military operations of Simon Bolivar. August 16. 
In repeated battles he conquered the Spaniards, expelled them plants tho 
from Caraccas, and then entering New Granada, he drove standard of 
them from Carthagena, its capital, which he entered on the cnceTn^Car- 
16th of Augusts Buenos Ayres became independent in ti^agena. 
1816, Chili in 1818, Peru and Guatimala in 1821. The 
Spanish authorities continued to resist, until their defeat at the 

great battle of Ayacucho. The power of Spain over these ex- 
tensive countries is broken, and their independence of foreign (f is55. un- 
dominion established. But they seem destined to be rent by ^^ema^k^?^ 
domestic factions, and the lawless desire for power, of ambitious still true.) 
military chieftains.f 

7 MEXICO. — While under the government of Spain, Mexico 
w^a5 a viceroyalty ; the viceroy having all the powers of a king. 
The Mexicans declared independence in 1813. Iturbide, an 

4. What policy had Spain pursned with regard to her American colo- 
nies ? With what were their people wearied and disgusted ? What cir- 
cumstances did they take advantage of, and what do? — 5. Who made the 
first attempt to free a Spanish colony, — when was it made, and how did it 
succeed? What was done in 1810? What occasion was seized by the 
priests, and what did they do? — 6. By whom was Venezuela finally eman- 
cipated ? What is related of New Granada ? Of Buenos Ayres ? Of Chili ? 
Of Peru and Guatimfila, or Central America? At what battle was the 
Spanish power in America entirely broken ? — 7. What was Mexico while 
under Spain ? A¥hen did Mexico "declare independence? Give some ac- 
count of Iturbide. 




472 TEXAS DECLARES INDEPENDENCE. 

ifodernHis. ambitious Mexican, at first opposed the revolution. In 1815, 
PEEi'D IX. lie destroyed or drove to the mountains, all the revolutionary 
CHAP. I. (.}iiefs^ except Guerrero; and in 1822 he restored the vice- 
royalty. Iturbide then raised his own standard, and caused 
himself to be proclaimed eraperor, under the title of Augustine 
I. The populace shouted him, and drew his carriage through 
the streets of Mexico. But a powerful party, headed by Vit- 
1§23. TORiA, Guerrero, Santa Anna, and other distinguished mihtary 
Compelled men, opposed the new government, and after a bloody struggle, 
the emperor was, in 1823, compelled to abdicate; but he was 
iSfetnfns ^^^^^^^^ ^^ take refuge in Europe on a pension. In 1824 Itur- 
iturbide^s* bide returned ; and as soon as he stepped upon the shore of his 
death. country, he was arrested and shot. 

8. In 1824 Mexico adopted a free republican constitution. 
^ .' Struggles for the Presidency arose. In 1828, Santa Anna, being 
adopts a head of the army, subverted the government by using military 

^'^^tS^^**^' ^^^^^ ^^ establish Pedraza, his candidate. From this period 
until that in which the Mexican history became almost identi- 
fied with the American, Santa Anna remained in the ascendant ; 
although, amidst the frequent civil wars of the period, he was 
sometimes displaced. Subsequently, he changed the Republic 
1§33. from a federal, to a central system. Anarchy and misrule, inse- 
Asiatic choi- curity to life and property, prevailed. The Asiatic cholera in 
^^^ico. ^ 1833 added its ravages, and destroyed in the capital alone, 
22,000 persons. 

9. TEXAS, in extent of territory, was one of the most consid- 
erable states of Mexico. Being contiguous to the republic of 

■'"^^ America, it was filling fast with enterprising citizens, who be- 
S'Texas' heved that Mexico would adhere to republican principles. They 
^AusSn^and"*" belonged to that Puritan race, which the old Spanish stock had 
his company, not forgotten to hate ; and they had failed to observe the com- 
pact by which Austin, the American founder of Texas, obtained 
the territory — that the Catholic religion and the Spanish lan- 
guage should be taught in the schools. A quarrel soon grew up 
between them and the Mexican government, which resulted in 
war. Santa Anna despatched general Cos, with a strong force, 
to the mouth of the river Brasos. General Houston assumed 
the command of the Texan forces. He took JBaMa, the fort of 
Goliad; and finally, with severe loss on both sides, he conquered 
the Alamo — the name given to a fortress in San Antonio de 
Bexar. 
1§36. 10. On the 2d of March, 1836, a convention of delegates drew 
March 2. up and pubhshed an ?i\>\Q, Declaration of Independence. Santa 
laration of Anna, on the 6th of March, arrived at the Alamo, with an army 
Independ- of 4,000 men. That fortress, defended by 180 Texans, under 
ence. — 

8. What was done by the Mexicans in 1824? What was done by Santa 
Anna in 1828? What afterwards? What disease prevailed? When? 
To what extent did it prevail in the capital ?— 9. Give some account of 
Texas: of its inhabitants. Who was the American founder of Texas? 
What compact is spoken of? Did the Americans on their part fulfil it? 
What next occurred ?— 10. What was done on the 2d of March, 1836 ? 



EEVOLT OF THE GREEKS. 473 

command of colonel Travis, he assaulted at midnight. At -^^^g^" ms. 
dawn only seven men of the garrison were found alive. They rEiU'D ix. 
cried for quarter, and being refused, renewed the battle, and c"a.p. l 
fought till every man was slaughteied. More than one thousand '"■■'"'"v ' 
of the assailants are said to have perished. tjip: ' 

11. After the fall of the Alamo, general Houston, with about g^[;^y^n^5 
1000 men, fell back upon the Colorado. Colonel Fanning, cruelty; 
with a garrison of 400, was left to defend Goliad ; but, inferior ^^'^ '^'"'^'^^ 
in force, he evacuated the fortress. Santa Anna pursued, and 

cut off his retreat. Fanning surrendered upon the faith of being qoliad. 
treated according to the rules of Christian warfare ; but Santa Massacre of 
Anna caused him and his men to be cruelly put to death. Ela- ning with 
ted and confident, he then hastened to engage the main body of '^^^ ™^"- 
the Texans, encamped upon the Brasos, whom his cruelty had 
wrought to iuxy. Houston, bearing down upon his enemies, 
thrice his own number, brought them to action so close as to be i§3@, 
within half rifle distance; and in less than thirty minutes com- April 21. 
pelled them to flee. Among the prisoners was Santa Anna, ja'cin'to. 
who, as first magistrate of Mexico, entered into a treaty which Houston and 
recognized the independence of Texas, and the Eio-Grande as its defeat TanTa 
boundary. This treaty, when returned to Mexico, he repudiated, ^j^na, and 
A constitution was adopted by Texas, and general Houston was dependence, 
elected president. 

12. THE GREEK REVOLUTIOlSr.— The desire of liberty 

among the people, and a more just appreciation of human rights, i§20-21 
distinguishes the nineteenth century. In 1820-21 it manifested struggles of 
itself, not only in the rising republics of America, but in Spain, *^® people. 
Portugal, Naples, Piedmont, — and lastly, in the Turkish empire, 
where in Greece it produced permanent eflfects. 

13. Russia, as we have seen, had often in her employ able 
foreigners. Such were the Greeks, count Capo D'Istrias, Al- (jreek revo- 
EXANDER Ypsilanti, and others. Their hearts were set upon lution begins, 
the release of their country ; and the Russian authorities, willing 

to weaken the Porte, that they might take its provinces, encour- 
aged them by hopes of aid, to raise the standard of revolt. They 
formed a secret society, called " the Hetaireia," who were bound 
by oath to stand for each other, and for the liberties of Greece. 
They then openly revolted. The Turks, of course, made war 
upon them to reduce them to submission. Russia having thus 
divided the Turkish empire against itself, treacherously with- 
held her promised aid, and left the Greeks to fight their own 
battles. The struggle with them was now, not for liberty 
only, but for life ; and there is nothing in the history of ancient 
Greece to compare with the fierce valor with Avhich the med- 
io. Describe the military operations till after the fall of the Alamo. — 11. 
From the fall of the Alamo to the battle of San Jacinto. Relate that battle and 
its consequences. — 13. By what is the nineteenth century distinguished? 
How did this spirit manifest itself in the years 1820-21 ? "To what einpire 
did Greece at this time belong? — 13. What Greeks were in the service of 
Eussia, what did they desire, and what encouragement did they have? 
What did they then do? What part did Russia now take? What was the 
character of the struggle in which the Greeks were now engaged? 

60 




474 REVOLT OF THE GREEKS. 

Mod<:rn Ris. Q^Ti Greeks resisted their oppressors. Even their women took 

PERPD IX. arms. 
CHAP. I. 24. Turkish vengeance attacked first the Greek clergy; and 

Gregory, the venerable patriarch of Constantinople, was bar- 
barously slaiu, at the door of his sanctuary. This act roused the 
Greeks, and appalling horrors were perpetrated in the conflicts 

^ifskiir*^" which ensued. The Greeks were without a government, and 

without support, except what they received from charitable asso- 

1§22 ciations in Great Britain, France, and America. Yet they pro* 

Greeks form ceedcd, in 1822, to form a union under an i7idependent federa- 
* ^'Jn™' i^ve government. The Persians having now invaded the Turkish 
empire, the sultan was obliged to send a powerful army to the 
Euphrates; and he also placed a strong military force upon the 
Danube, to watch certain hostile movements of Russia. One 
of his own vassals, also, the bold and desperate Ali Pacha, of 
Albania, was in open rebelHon against him. These troubles 
compelled him for a season to relax his operations against 
the revolted Greeks ; but having at length purchased a peace 
with Persia, beheaded Ali Pacha, and entered into friendly 
relations with Russia, he was again ready to prosecute the 
Greek war. 

Scio. Pop. 1^- Fifteen thousand of the most barbarous of the Asiatic 
120,000. Turks were let loose upon the beautiful island of Scio. The 

massacred. Sciotes resisted ; but were overpowered, and their little paradise 

laid waste, — and 40,000 men, women, and unresisting children 

were massacred, while 30,000 were carried into Mahometan 

They are Captivity. The Turkish fleet now took on board the murderers 

avenged by ^j^o Were prepared to desolate the Morea. The Ipsariotes, with 
ipsara! ° the courage of desperation, grappled their fire-ships to the ship 
commanded by the Turkish admiral, which blew up, destroying 
three thousand men. 

Gre!ksrl?s\i ^^' ^URCHID Pacha, at the head of 25,000 Turks, passed 

money by a the straits of Thermopylae, and inhumanly laid waste the Morea. 

^ed^inEn'^i^-' '^^^ Greek chieftains, Nichetas, Demetrius Ypsilanti, and 
laad.) CoLocoTRONi, occupied the straits which the enemy had passed, 
and cut off" his communications. The Turkish commander, re- 
duced to extremities, offered to evacuate the Grecian territory, 

Lo^rVByron whicli was refused him. He then made a desperate effort to break 

diedat^Mis- through the Greek defences in the night. But Nichetas fell 

hlvSJf em- upon the confused and bewildered Turks, and cut up and destroyed 

^^i^^^^H!'"" the whole army. After this, the Turks made but little proarress 

self and his .^ .'', ^ t-,' ^„ -Vii 

fortune in m Greece, until Ibrahim Pacha, ot Egypt, was appomted by the 
causroFSl-e- sultan, govcmor of Greece, and charged with the management of 
cian liberty.) the War. He Opened the campaign of 1826 with energy, and 

14. WIio were the first objects of the vengeance of the Turks ? In what 
year did the Greeks form an independent government ? What circum- 
stances for a time called off the attention of the Turks from the Greek war? 
— 15. What was the first act of the Turks after this suspension? What 
numbers were massacred and carried away prisoners at Scio? What was 
done by the men of Ipsara?— IG. What military operations are next re- 
lated ? When the great commander, Ibrahim Pacha, was sent to Greece 
by the sultan, what occurred ? 



ENGLAND INTERFERES FOR GREECE. 



475 



the conquest of Greece seemed inevitable. In this alarming crisis, 
the Greeks implored aid of the Christian powers. 

17. England now interfered, and on the 6th of July, 182Y, by 
The Treaty of London^ the ministers of Great Britain, France, 
and Russia, guarantied the pacification of Greece ; and the minis- 
ters of the three powei^s notified the Turkish government, that 
" Greece must thereafter govern herself." The Turks rejected the 
offered pacification of the three powers, and Ibrahim, with the 
Turkish-Egyptian fleet, entered the bay of Navarino. While 
lying there in order of battle, the combined Bntish, French, and 
Russian fleets approached, and a deadly conflict ensued. The 
Turkish armada of 110 ships fought with desperation. Not a 
flag was struck, and the whole fleet was either burnt, sunk, or 
disabled. Hostihties now ceased, and the sultan soon after 
acceded to the treaty of London. 

18. The Greeks had chosen a republican form of government, 
and made count Capo d'lstnas their president ; but the combined 
powers, having decided that the government must be monarchi- 
cal, conferred the crown upon prince Otho, second son of Louis, 
king of Bavaria. His ministers, in organizing the government, 
gratified the people by establishing the religion of the Greek 
church ; which is also that of Russia.* Commerce and agricul- 
ture began to revive and schools were encouraged. On the 5th 
of July, 1834, a royal decree was made to encourage the spread- 
ing of female education over Greece, by the establishment of a 
school at Athens for the instruction of female teachers.j The 
Greeks had been long petitioning for a charter of rights. Not 
receiving this just claim, they combined, and in the summer of 
1843 compelled Otho to grant them a constitutional government. 



Modern ITis. 



PEKI'D IX. 

CHAP. IL 



1827. 

Treaty of 
London. 

Settles the 
affairs of 
Greece. 



1§27. 

BatUe of 
NA VAJil- 

Peace. 



(+1834. "Thia 
school was 

projected \>j 
a society of 

ladies in the 
17. States.") 

1§43. 
Greek con- 
stitution. 



CHAPTER n. 

The British Empire. 

1. Until the close of the wars of the French revolution, the -.ei^j 
attitude of Great Britain had been warlike. She had stood the National 



bulwark of Europe against the encroachments of Napoleon, but 
in so doing had subjected herself to immense sacrifices. Her 

^ * Owing to this sympathy in religion, the Greeks are in favor of the Eus- 
sians, while the remembrance of past wrongs sets them against the Turks, 
as in the war now pending (1854) they have manifested ; and they have 
therefore been checked by England and France, which are now allied 
against Kassia. 

17. What power now interfered, and what treaty was made? What 
notice was given to the Turkish authorities, and how did they receive it ? 
Eelate the battle which followed, with its results. — 18. What government 
had the Greeks chosen? What form of government did the allied powers 
impose upon them, and whom give them for a king? What is said of re- 
ligion and education in Greece ? What has lately taken place in Greece in 
respect to a constitution ? 

Chap. II. — 1. What was the attitude of Great Britain during the wars 
with Napoleon ? 



debt 



476 



RADICAL EEFORMEES. 



Modern His. 



PEEPD IX. 

CHAP. U. 



1§19. 

Aug. 16. 

" Mass 
Meet- 
ing" iu 
Man- 
chester, 



debt amounted to more than the whole resources of the kingdom, 
if applied to no other purpose, could pay in forty years.f As 
usual, war had been a season of excitement and intoxication ; and 
peace, like the sudden withdrawal of a fever, left the nation lan- 
guid and exhausted. Hundreds of thousands had been provided 
for, who were at once thrown out of employ; the nation expending 
less by £50,000,000 annually, than in the years of the war. 
Want bred discontent and murmurs. America, the best custo- 
mer of England,* was suffering a similar depression, so that 
foreign trade failed to afford relief. Seasons were unfavorable, 
and harvests scanty ; wages low, and provisions high. Laborers 
pressed by necessity, combined to extort higher wages. Masters 
could give no more, and discharged their operatives. Writers 
took advantage of these disaffections to sow disorganizing princi- 
ples; and the faults of the English government, real and imaginary, 
became the agitating theme of her discontented people. Vast 
assemblages met in the open air, whose orators harangued them 
on their poverty, contrasted with the luxury of those, who, doing 
nothing, rioted in the nation's wealth. But they chiefly fixed on 
the gi'ievance of the unequal representation in the house of com- 
mons, — by which Manchester, with 187,000 inhabitants, and 
other large manufacturing cities, had no representative in parlia- 
ment ; while the borough of Old Sarum, with only twelve inhab- 
itants, and fifty others similarly situated and called ^'■rotten 
boroughs^'' were each represented — and by the creatures of the 
ministry. The cry of these people was for a radical reform of 
these abuses. Hence they were called "The Radicals." 

A fleet was sent to Algiers under lord Exmouth, who put an 
entire stop to the piracy of the Algerines, — a good work begun 
by the Americans. After the city had been bombarded by the 
English, the Dey bound himself by treaty to deliver all Christian 
slaves, and no more to make Christian captives. 

2. In 1819, disturbances became more alarming. Both in 
England and Scotland, vast field meetings were held ; and the 
throne and the houses of parliament were overwhelmed with pe- 
titions. The more violent were preparing by secret organization 
and nocturnal trainings, to raise the standard of open rebellion. 
On the 16th of August 50,000 people of all ages and both sexes, 
went forth from Manchester to hold a meeting in the fields, with 
banners, where floated the characters " Liberty or Death," "An- 
nual Parliaments," " No Corn Laws," &c. None wore an oflfen- 

* So much the best customer, that when in 1836 all the exports from 
Great Britain to every part of the world, including Tier own provinces^ 
amounted to £53,368,000, those to our republic were £12,425,000,— nearly 
one-quarter of the whole. 



1. What do you learn of her national debt in 1816 ? What was the first 
effect of peace? What was the difference of the national expenditure dur- 
ing the last years of the war and the first of the peace ? What was the 
actual expenditure in each? (See side note.) Describe the progress of dis- 
content among the people. What grievance was complained of? Describe 
the origin of the term "the Kadicals." What did Lord Exmouth accom- 
plish ?— 2. What was the state of things in 1817-18 ? 



CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. 



477 



sive weapon, and the speaker was just expressing his confident 
hope of their quiet demeanor, when suddenly a body of cavalry 
came upon them, dashed through their thickest ranks, trampling 
them to death, and cutting them down with sabres ! Thus more 
than 400 peaceable citizens were massacred. This severe mea- 
sure was followed, Nov. 13th, by "TAe Six Acts," which em- 
bodied strong measures for preventing riotous assemblages, — 
empowering magistrates to enter houses to search for arms by 
day or night. These measures produced quiet, but not content. 

3. On the death of the aged and insane monarch, George III., 
the prince regent, now George IV., was invested with full sov- 
ereignty. He was an immoral man. No cruelty, exercised on 
the mind and character, could exceed that with which he had 
treated his wife, Caroline of Brunswick. She was a woman of 
high spirit, and being made unhappy in England, she had been 
abroad for some years. She now came home to claim a part in 
the approaching coronation. Her return was met by a prosecu- 
tion for breach of the marriage vow, instituted by her husband, 
and odious to the nation ; as the prosecutor was notoriously 
guilty himself, and had done every thing the opposite of affording 
her a husband's protection. After a trial she was acquitted by 
the judges ; but she was not allowed to share in the coronation. 
This was celebrated with pomp, and at an expense of £262,000 ; 
notwithstanding it was a season of such distress in Ireland, that 
more than 200,000 persons were without the means of subsist- 
ence, and many were daily starving to death. 

4. In the succeeding years, England sometimes took a ground 
with regard to the " Holy Alliance," which checked their tyran- 
nical proceedings. She caused the independence of Greece from 
the Turkish yoke to be recognized ; but she united with the other 
nations in prohibiting a republican form of government, and 
imposing on that people a foreign king. 

5. The catholics in Ireland had suffered, since their conquest 
by William III., grievous privations; but their condition had 
gradually been made better. In 1778 a law was abolished by 
which children of that denomination were deprived of the inher- 
itance of parents ; and another which forbade a cathohc to keep 
school on pain of imprisonment. In 1791 their places of wor- 
ship and schools were tolerated, and they were allowed to prac- 
tise law. In 1793 they were permitted to hold offices in the 
army and navy. The catholic question was again agitated, and 
LORD John Russell introduced a bill by which the catholics 
were permitted to share in all municipal offices of power and 



Modern Ilia. 



PERID IX. 

OUAP. II. 




1§20. 

Jan. 29. 
George 
IV. suc- 
ceeds his 
father. 



1§21. 

July 19. 
Corona- 
tion of 
George 
IV. 



Queen 
Caroline 
was de- 
fended 

by 

Brough- 
am. 



1§22. 

Congress 

at 
Verona. 



(Lord J. 
Russel's 
" Corpo- 
ration 
and 
Test 
Bill.") 



2. Relate the occurrences of the 16th of Auafust, 1819, at Manchester. 
What was done by parliament the November following? — 3. Who became 
king, and at what time? What was his character, and his treatment of 
his wife ? Who was she ? What conrse did she pursue? What is said of 
the coronation as to expense ? What better use does it seem that the 
money might have been put to, as it respects the people of Ireltind? — 4. 
What is said of the course of England as respects the Holy Alliance? — 
5. Give an account of the progress of emancipation in Ireland up to the 
time of the Wellington ministry. 



478 



THE EEFOEM BILL. 



Modern His. 



PERFD IX. 

CHAP. n. 



Irish af- 
fairs to 

18M. 



1§33. 

Ilavery 
abol- 
«hed. 



1§34. 

Poor law 
amend- 
ment 



trust. But they were yet dissatisfied, and in Ireland, " The Ca- 
tholic Association," at the head of which was Daniel O'Connell, 
contrived means to get so entire a control over the whole 
catholic population, comprising the greater part of the Irish 
people, as to levy a tribute from them under the name of rent. 
The duke of Wellington became prime minister, and contrary 
to expectation he made it his policy to settle this question by 
concession. He therefore, though with great difficulty, carried 
through parliament laws granting the catholics the highest of- 
fices in the judiciary and the legislature. O'Connell, however, 
soon found other subjects of agitation, and contrived to keep 
and increase his authority over the people. His principle sub- 
ject of complaint was the legislative union of Ireland with Eng- 
land, and the " RepeaV meetings held under his auspices, were 
attended by hundreds of thousands. He was apprehended, tried, 
and imprisoned, and although liberated, he soon after died. 

6. William IV. succeeded his brother, George ly. The French 
revolution of the " Three Days" brought afresh to the people 
desires for the reformation of abuses, especially of the unequal 
representation in the house of commons. The house itself Avas 
now favorable to the reform. The Reform Bill was brought in 
by LORD Brougham, and after many struggles on the part of its 
friends, it passed to the great joy of the nation at large.* Old 
Sarum, and fifty-five other " rotten boroughs," whose members 
had been sent into the house of commons, either by the crown 
or nobility, were by this bill disfranchised ; and 42 manufactur- 
ing cities and flourishing places, were now first empowered to 
send their representatives. In Hanover the people felt the im- 
pulse towards an increase of political liberty, and the English 
government gave them a new constitution, by which they have 
a legislature of two branches. Some one of the royal family of 
England was to constitute the chief executive. In 1833, Oreat 
Britain abolished colonial slavery ; parliament granting £20,- 
000,000 to remunerate the slave owners, Mr. Wilberforce 
was active in procuring these laws. 

7. In 1834, parliament passed "The Poor Law Amendment 
Act." The poor laws in England and Wales had dispensed 
large sums to the poor ; but great abuses had been reported to 
parliament by persons employed to investigate. Paupers were 
so provided for, that their condition was better than that of the 
independent laborer, who had to sustain his part of the enor- 
mous expenditure. By the many officers employed in dispen- 

* The principal supporters of this bill, — lord Brouofham, lord John Rus- 
sel, earl Grey, and lord Althorpe, received presents of gold cnps purchased 
by penny subscriptions, to which 300,000 persons contributed. 



5. What policy did Wellington pursue, and what carry through parlia- 
ment ? What subjects of agitation employed O'Connell and his party ? — 
6. Who succeeded George IV. ? What do you understand by the Keform 
Bill, and what can you relate respecting it? What was done in Hanover? 
What laws did parliament make regarding slavery ? What liberal sum ap- 
propriate ? — 7. What is said of the operation of the poor laws ? 






BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE EAST. 479 

sing the fund a considerable part of it was absorbed. The ^^^^'^^n ni«. 
"Amendment Act" provided that the rehef of tlie poor should peiu'D ix 
be placed in the hands of three commissioners^ who are em- ^uap. n. 
powered to appoint their assistants. The great amount of pau- ^"^^^^ 
perism led to the belief that the population was in excess, and 
the consequent encouragement of emigration to the United States, 1§34 
Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope. Lord Brougham brought - *il^ 
forward in the house of commons, a plan of popular education, 
and lord John Russell a project for the " Reform of Municipal 
Corporations," both of which passed into laws. 

8. x\fter a short reign in which England had advanced in T 
pohtical liberty, industrial arts, and mercantile enterprise, Wil- j^^^ ^' 
liam IV. died, and was succeeded by his niece, Victoria. On Victoria 
account of the Salic law she is excluded from a throne in Ger- wiSSin 
many ; and Ernest, the oldest surviving son of George III, be- ^^• 
came king of Hanover. He dying in 1851, was succeeded by 
his son George V. — A rebellion in Canada, which Great Britain 
ruled with much moderation, now broke out, chiefly among 
the disaffected of the French population, improperly aided 
by indi\iduals of the United States. But it appeared, that, 
though the rebels showed fighting courage, they had neither Hon In 
well-digested plans, nor strict concert; and the rebellion was Canada, 
soon crushed. -' 

9. THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN INDIA continued to ex- 
tend. In 1816 the isles of Mauritius and Bourbon were con- 
quered from France. In 1815, by a war with the natives, the 
English obtained Kumaoon and the mountain passes ; and the 
same year the native kingdom of Candy in Ceylon. In 1818, a 

last effort of the Mahrattas was quelled, and their whole country 1S25. 

subjected. In 1824, in a war with Birmah, the British con- Peace of 

quered its north-eastern states, which were ceded, together with YandabU. 

an annual tribute in 1825, at the Peace of Yandahu. In 1814 cfje^fiy^, 

the charter of the East India Company was modified, and their provinces, 

monopoly limited to twenty years. At the close of 1833, the £f,5oo5J)o 

China trade being free to all British subjects, difficulties occurred yearly trib- 
between the English traders and the Chinese, in regard to the 

sale of opium, which the authorities of that Empire had inter- ^nri^iiteous 

dieted as hurtful to the people. The English continued to bring interference 

large quantities ; the Chinese took prisoners the buyers, and g^overnment 
compelled them to throw overboard the deleterious drug, to the 

value of £2,000,000. The English government took up the i§4i, 

quarrel, — attacked the Chinese, and obtained such military island of 

advantages, that the emperor made peace by submitting to pay ^aS^nlm 

the English 111,000,000, to throw open five of his ports, and China, 
cede in perpetuity the island of Hong-Kong. 

7. Of their amendment? Of emigration ? What further laws did this 
period of reform produce ? — 8. What is remarked concerning the short 
reign of William IV. ? Who succeeded him ? Who became sovereign of 
Hanover? Give some account of the rebellion in Canada.— 9. Give an 
account of the growth of the British empire in India. 



480 



THE FEEE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. 




the Free 
Churcli. 



Modern ffis. 10. Yet, with an empire on which the sun never sets, there 

PEEi'D IX. ^^® home-bred clouds in the horizon of Great Britain. She has 
CHAP. iL a great national debt. The ardent Irish are ruled by the catho- 

r""^^ lies, and hence at enmity with the British government ; and 

1843. now its all-powerful aristocracy have against them, in "the Free 

Di-'^lfaimers Church," the bone and sinew of the nationahty of Scotland, 
and the When in the reign of Queen Anne, the Scots merged their parlia- 

panylband m^iit iuto that of Great Britain, it was on the condition that 
their church should be left free. But the Bolingbroke ministry 
procured a law, giving to the aristocracy of Scotland a right 
to the disposal of the church livings. These lay-patrons, at 
first, forebore to impose pastors on unwilHng congregations. 
When they did attempt this legal abuse, a majority of the 
General Assembly of the Scottish Church, with the venerable 
Chalmers at their head, refused to ordain. The lay-patrons, at- 
tempting coercion, carried the case before the British House of 
Lords, and there obtained a decision in their favor. At the ;nLext 
meeting of the Assembly, the moderator declared, that not being 
free, that body could no longer legislate for the Church. He 
rose — left the house, and 500 devoted ministers followed him; 
voluntarily relinquishing their right in $14,000,000 of church 



10. In whose reign was the Scotch parliament merged into the Enghsh? 
On what condition did the Scots give their consent? By what law was 
this condition contravened ? What was at first the course of the lay pat- 
rons ? When they attempted to enforce the legal abuse, what was done by 
the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland? Who was the leading 
member ? What course did the lay-patrons pursue, and what decision ob- 
tain ? Eelate what occurred at the next meeting of the General Assembly. 



" THE HOLY ALLIANCE." 481 

property. But their people gloried in the act, and large volun- -^/oc^ern. ma. 
tary contributions were soon obtained for " The Free Church of perpd ix, 
Scotland." Five hundred new churches were built, and 800 con- ^^^^' ™- 
ffre2:ation5 formed. v--i»-v-^»-> 

^ ^ 1843. 



k 



CHAPTER m, 

France aad the Holy Alliance, including a general view of Continental 
Europe, from 1815 to ISM. 

ISl'S 

1, On the final abdication of Napoleon, the command of the juiy 6.* 

French army devolved on marshal Davoust. By a mihtary ''^^re^.eJtera ^' 
convention \vith Blucher and Wellington, he withdrew his army Paris, 
behind the Loire ; and Paris was again occupied with foreign July 7. 
troops, under whose protection Louis XVIIL, a second time, took ^"t^es. ^^' 
possession of the throne, France was now compelled to surren- .^^^j^ ^^ 
der some of her most flourishing provinces, — to maintain, for five leon delivers 
years, a foreign army, in eighteen fortresses on the north and tiJl^ En^Iii^S.) 
east — to pay a tribute of 700,000,000 francs — and to restore the 
works of art to the nations from which Napoleon had taken 
them. Marshal Ney was condemned and shot, contrary to the 
treaty of capitulation. Murat, who had been deposed, made a 
foolish attempt to regain the throne of Naples ; but he was taken 
as he landed on the shore, and afterwards shot. Alexander of 
Russia, having assumed the title of czar and king of Poland, gave 
the Poles, by a charter, the semblance of constitutional hberty ; 
and appointed Constantine, his brother, commander-in-chief of 
the kingdom. 1815. 

2. The grand league called the Holy Alliance was now form- Sept. 26, at 
ed at Paris, by Austria, Russia, and Prussia ; and although with j p„^Tp' nf 
high pretensions of religion, yet its real object, as interpreted by fj^p^Tj^iy 
its acts, was to crush the spirit of constitutional liberty, intro- a ]];{,«/.« 
duced into Europe by the American revolution, and thus to 

quiet the monarchies in irresponsible absolutism. The origina- 
tors of this league were Alexander of Russia, and Clement, Prince (bornTrrs,' 
of Metternich, the Richelieu of his time, who had already ambassador 

^ 11 1 T /• * • i • • irom. Austria 

tor ten years been the real ruler ot Austna, As minister to to France, 
France, he had by his seductive elegance of speech and manner ^^^^ ™jnfs- 
first gained the ear of Napoleon, and then wheedled him into the terof Austria 
Austrian marriage ; — thus creating in him a false dependence on "^ '' 
Austria, which, at a moment then anticipated by this wily states- 
man, was withdrawn, and Napoleon, as we have seen, ruined, 

10- What did the 50O ministers relinquish ? What is this division of the 
church called ? (ohserve the quotation marks.) What followed ? 

Chajp, III, — 1 . What occurred in Paris on the abdication of Napoleon ? 
To what were the French compelled by the allies ? What is related of 
MarshiJ Ney ? What was the fate of Murat ? What was done by Alexan- 
der in respect to Poland ? — ^. What nations entered into a league ? What 
was it called, and what was its real character ? Who were its principal con- 
trivers ? What was the character of Metternich, as shown by his course 
with respect to Napoleoa ? 

61 



482 METTEENICH. 

Modern ms. "Wlierever delegates of tlie allied powers were met to legislate, 

PERI'D IX. Mettemich was President of the CoDgress ; and during its recess 

OHAP.UL }je ^vas its Executive. This gave him the virtual headship of 

' y'"^ continental Europe ; and, contented with the reahty of power 

"^TScon-^ without its show, he retained it for more than thirty years, 
greseesheid Sitting at Vienna, as the spider by his web, his Argus-eyes 
AuSnce."^ watched the feebler powers — and if any of their people pre- 
sumed to form for themselves free institutions, f^rth darted the 
Austrian troops — violated their nationality, and deprived them of 
their liberty.* 

3. To produce the full calm of despotism, Metternich studied 
to learn what privileges the people could have, which would not 
interfere with his system, — and to forestall their wishes, as far as 
was consistent with absolutism. Hence he patronized improve- 
ments in the arts, and in agi'iculture. Education, too, he fos- 
tered ; yet only so far as the divine right of kings was inculcated 
by the closely-watched instructors. The rights of individuals 
(t Hence the were Systematically and most unscrupulously violated in the se- 
'^'beaureau^ cret government bureaux^j- especially by opening and taking notes 
cracy.") Qf private letters sent by mail. — Towards Russia, the attitude of 
Metternich was always humble. 

England, having in her government a mixture of both abso- 
lutism and its opposite, if at any time her ministry were found 
too closely fraternizing with the League, then their more liberal 
co-patriots, armed with the eloquence of natural justice, called 
them, in parliament, to a stern account. Hence we find England 

* "With a gigantic mind, he spread his toils over the whole continent 
— ^had his spies in all the capitals of Europe : in Portugal, he was with the 
Miguels ; in Spain, France, and in Italy, with the aristocrats and priests."' 
"In the support of his systenn, nations and their rights became as chattels 
in his hands, which he disposed of at pleasiu-e, where he could effect the 
greatest advantage. He sacrificed the Greeks to the Turks, the Poles to 
the Eussians, and the Italians to their oppressors. He occnpied the States 
of the Church with Austrian armies upon the slightest disturbance." 
"Even as late as two years before he surrendered liis power, he extin- 
guished the little republic of Cracow, the last refuge of Polish nationality ; 
and the very last year of his irsore tiian imperial sway, he opposed the lib- 
eral party of Switzerland, and supported their opponents, the Souderbond, 
as is said, by the 'material aid' of a million of dollars." The favorite pol- 
icy of Metternich was " to govern through the DIVISION of the different 
nationalities of the empire." We make these quotations from Stiles' able 
"History of Austria, 1848-49." Is it possible to suppose that Metternich 
should have failed to embrace in his all-pervading 2)olicy that nation, from 
whose lead in free institutw?is the absolutists of Europe had svffered most, and 
had most to fear ? For the author's views on this subject, see her " History 
of the Eepublic of America," especially the part beginning on p. 451. In 
1831, Mr. Wheaton, then in London on a visit, and after a residence in 
northern Europe, asserted, in the author's hearing, that one of the meas- 
ures was to send here convicts, the sooner to bring us to ruin by anarchy. 
The papers of the day (Jan. 1854) show late developments made in New 
York, proving the fact that this Metternich policy is still practised. 

2. What gave him the virtual headship of continental Europe ? How 
long did he retain his power, and why? By what comparison does your 
author describe his operations? {For proof see note.) — 3. In what respect, 
and how far, did Metternich consult the wishes of the people? In what 
respect were the rights of individuals violated ? What was the attitude of 
Metternich towards Eussia ? How do we find England in respect to the 
Holy Alliance ? 




USURPED POWERS OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE. 483 

sometimes acting Avith, and sometimes against the " Holy Al- -^^otfcrrt ms. 
liance." When at its fiist organization Geoige IV. was invited peri'd ix. 

to become a party to tlie League, he declined giving it his signa- " ' 

lure, although he expressed his approval of its principles. 

4. At the con(j7'ess of Aix-la- Chape lie, France became a mem- 
ber of the Holy Alliance. This congress established the princi- 
ple of an "armed intervention;'''' or, in other words, the mem- 
bers of the Holy Alliance agreed to assist each other with their 
whole military force, against their subjects, in case of a re- 
volt in either kingdom. At the congress which convened at 
Troppau, these principles were still further extended, and the 
right was claimed to ititerfere by coercion in the domestic affairs 
of all other nat'ions. This pretended right was exercised in rela- 
tion to the affairs of Spain, Portugal, and Naples. The people 
of all these kingdoms had obtained better securities for their lib- 
erties, by adopting free constitutions. Their respective rulers had 
sworn to be governed by them, and the citizens felt that they 
had secured the blessings of liberty to themselves and their pos- 
terity. But Metternich, in the name of the "Holy Alliance," ^gs'u?^*^^ 
sent armies, broke up the domestic arrangements of the people, the Holy 
abrogated their constitutions, and restored the sovereigns to ab- ^^^^®' 
solute power. 

These acts of gross violence against the sovereignty of nations 1§23. 
were abhorrent to all conscientious and enlightened men, not Th?5Sonroe 
only in Europe, but in America. The government of the United Doctrine" 
States, through president Monroe, took solemn notice of them ; Fn the^Suai 
and declared that such principles should not be extended to any message to 

, P ^-y K ' j^- J. congress. 

part ot the American contment. 

5. In France, the principles of the Holy Alliance created great 
excitement ; and they were boldly denounced in the chamber of (May 9, 1826, 
deputies. The ministry became alarmed, and were proceeding ^^^qq^q"^' 
to extreme measures, when public attention was diverted by the Charles x. 
death of Louis XVIIL His brother, the duke of Artois, a bigot ^SieiSV' 
in poHtics and religion, ascended the throne, under the title of 
Charles X. As liberal ideas gained ground with the people, 

the government became more and more agitated with alarm. i<dj>|; 
The return of Lafayette, from a triumphal visit to the United EetuTn of 
States, was watched with apprehension. The arbitrary Villele Lafayette 
was at the head of the ministry, and he had obtained a majority ica. 
in the French chamber of deputies by controlling the elections. 
But this short-sighted expedient only increased the general dis- 
affection. 

6. Pending the struggle with Napoleon, the sovereigns of 

4. What principics did the allied monarchs adopt at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
with regard to their own subjects? "What at Troppau in regard to inter- 
fering with the domestic affairs of other nations ? What nations at- 
tempted to make free governments, and were prevented ? By whom ? 
How? How did this violation of the sovereignty of nations affect the 
minds of conscientious men? What was done in America ? — 5. How did 
the French receive the doctrines of the Holy Alliance ? What change of 
sovereigns occurred? What is said in reference to Lafayette? What is 
eaid of Villele? 



484 



COMMERCIAL LEAGUE OF THE GERMAN STATES. 



Modem His. 



PEEI'D IX. 
CHAP. ni. 




I§a6. 

December. 

Death of 
Alexander. 
Accession of 

Nicholas. 

(Nicholas, in 
1844, visited 
England to 
arrange, aa 

appears 
(1854), the 
division of 
Turkey.) 



1§28. 

"War between 

Eussia and 

Turkey. 

1§29. 

Peace of 

Adrian- 

ople. 

1833. 

Peace of 
llnkiar 
Skelessi. 

1832. 

KOmEK 
Ibrahim do- 
feats the 
Turks, who 
lose 30,000. 



1848. 

Mehemet Ali 
succeeded 
first by his 

son Ibrahim, 
then by his 
nephew Ab- 
bas Pacha. 



Germany had promised their subjects, what, by their progress in 
intelligence they ardently desired, constitutional governments ; 
but when the war was over, few remembered their engagements. 
I'he king of Bavaria and the duke of Baden, however, in spite- 
of the Holy Alliance, fulfilled theii-s in good faith. These states 
and Prussia have given gi'eat attention to primary education. 
A Commercial League^ under the auspices of Prussia, was form- 
ed, connecting in a, new bond almost all the states which former- 
ly belonged to the Germanic body. This league is called the 
''Zoll Vereinr 

1. On the death of Alexander I. of Russia — ^which the civil- 
ized world regretted — Constantine, his brother, who had been 
appointed commander of Poland, was declared emperor ; but he 
renounced his hereditary rights in favor of his brother Nicholas, 
who assumed the government, and dated his reign from the 
death of Alexander. He repelled an invasion of the Persians 
under Abbas Mirza, and compelled him to cede to Russia large 
territories on both sides of the river Araxes. 

8. Mahmoud IL, the sultan of Turkey^ took occasiou from an 
insurrection of the Janizaries, to attack and destroy the danger- 
ous power of that body, the praetorians of Turkey. He modelled 
his armies on the European system, and placed himself in a hos- 
tile attitude against Russia, then occupied with the Persian war. 
The Russian forces, amounting to 200,000, invaded his kingdom, 
and after numerous sieges and battles, in which victory repeat- 
edly changed sides, at length prevailed. Having passed the 
Balkan Mountains, the Russians occupied Adrianople, the sec- 
ond city in the Turkish empire, where, in 1829, they dictated 
the terms of a peace by which they obtained the free navigation 
of the Black Sea and Dardanelles. Subsequently, l>y the treaty 
of Unkiar Skelessi, the Porte engaged to close those straits 
against any other nation, at the demand of Russia. This alarm- 
ed England, lest Russia should, by subjugating Turkey, get a 
preponderating power. . . The able viceroy of Egypt^ Mehemet 
Ali, sent his son Ibrahim with an army, who overran S3^ria, and 
defeated the Turks at the battle of Konieh. The English, fearing 
that Russia, already too powerful, should annihilate Turkey and 
possess Constantinople, interfered, and obliged Mehemet to with- 
draw his forces, and still noknowledge his vassalage to the sultan ; 
but the subjection was uitacr nominal than real. 

9. Egypt greatly improved in arts, agriculture, and commerce 
under the direction of Mehemet Ali. Ibrahim succeeded him in 
the viceroyalty of Egypt in 1848. He died two months after- 

6. What is said of Germany in regard to its progress ? To the promises 
of the sovereigns and their fulfilment ? To education ? The Commercial 
League? — 7 When occurred the death of Alexander? What is said of 
Nicholas? — 8. What was done by Mahmoud of Turkey? Give an account 
of the war between Turkey and Eussia. What was obtained by Kussia at 
the treaty of Adrianople? Of Unkiar Skelessi ? AVhat did the English 
apprehend? What occurred in Syria? What did England oblige Me- 
hemet to do ? — 9. What was the state of Egypt under Mehemet Ali ? What 
two persons succeeded him in quick succession, and in what year? 



FRENCH "revolution OF THE THREE DAYS." 485 

and was succeeded by his able nephew Abbas Paciia. . . -3/o<?g^ri uu. 
Abdul ]\Iedjid succeeded Mahmoud II. as sultan of Turkey, perfd ix. 
July 1, 1839. None of his predecessors have shown equal lib- ^^^^p-"'- 
erality in regard to religious toleration, civility to strangers, and "^^"^ ' 
the improvement of his people. Knowledge is breaking in upon j^j*^o^\i 
the Turks, and even, in some measure, extending to the harem, succeeded 

10. After the coronation of Charles X. in France, the ultra- ^M^jid!^ 
absolutists and Jesuits were taken into favor with the kinjr. 
They were opposed with great energy and boldness by the lib- ^-ar 
erals. To take off public attention from their measures, and with 
make themselves popular with the nation, the ministry made a ^^siers. 
war with Algiers. It was ably conducted, and ended in the 
subjugation of that country; but the ministry obtained little 
credit, and the elections were carried against them. This they , 
attributed to the influence of " a free press," which, they said, 
" was at all times an instrument of disorder and sedition." On 
the 26th of July, 1830, they published the famous " Ordinances P 
The first dissolved the chamber of deputies ; the second suspend- 
ed the liberty of the press; while the third and fourth presented , 
a new and arbitraiy law of election, to be earned into immediate three 
execution. This was the signal for ^'■The Revolution of the Three "?4,j[^"y 
Daysf which, like the American, was a contest for principle, j^^j ^i' 
Under the guidance of the venerable Lafayette, "The stand- 2S, and' 
ard" around which the liberal French, as if moved by one spirit, 
involuntarily rallied, it was effected during the 27th, 28th, and 
29th of July, with the loss of only 1,000 lives. Lafayette was 
again made commander-in-chief of the national guards. Charles j^^^.^ 
and the royal family escaped to Scotland. The chamber of dep- Philippe 
uties, at the recommendation of Lafayette, made Louis Philippe, EsaUte, 
of the family of Orleans, " King of the French." The late min- diike of 
isters were tried and imprisoned at Ham ; but after a few years 
set at liberty by Louis Philippe. Hereditaiy nobility was abol- 
ished, and the elective franchise extended. 

11. The severity of the Russian government in Poland, with 
the loss of national existence, had always been intolerable to that 
ancient people. An extensive conspiracy of the youth of the thTpoles.^ 
first families was formed to liberate their country. Their opera- 
tions were at first carried on in secret ; but the conspiracy was 
discovered, and the prisons were crowded with Polish victims. 

On the evening of the 19th of November, 1830, a young Polish i§30. 
officer entered the mihtary school at Warsaw and called the Nov. 19. 
youth to arms. Accompanied by the students of the university, Jf Warsaw. 
they forced their way into the palace of Constantine, who escaped 
by a secret passage. The insurrection became general. Forty 
thousand Pohsh troops and citizens, having armed themselves 

9. What change of sovereigns occurred in Turkey, and when? What 
is the course pursued by Abdul Medjid ? — 10. Who were favored by 
Charles X. ? What was done by the liberals ? What war was got up, and 
how did it result ? What was enjoined by the Ordinances ? What three days 
are mentioned, and what was done during the time ? Who was the leader 
at this time I Who, at the recommendation of Lafayette, was made king 1 



i 

S 



486 



INDEPENDENCE OF BELGIUM. 



Modern His. 



PEEI'D IX. 
CHAP. in. 




1§34. 

(May 1. 
Died the 
great and 
good La- 
fayette.) 



La Belle 
Poule sent to 
St. Helena 
after the 
remains of 
Napoleon. 



1840. 

Dec. 6. 

Napoleon 

re-interred in 

Paris. 



fi-om the public arsenal, expelled the Russian troops from "War- 
saw. A Polish diet was assembled, and independence declared. 
The emperor Nicholas issued a proclamation denouncing the 
patriots as rebels. A succession of sanguinary battles followed, in 
which the Poles were at first victorious ; but single-handed, they 
were unable to resist the giant power of Russia. They concen- 
trated their forces around Warsaw, where, after several days of 
continued fighting, their armies were defeated; Warsaw was taken, 
its defenders slaughtered, and Russian despotism re-established. 

12. The French revolution of 1830 was immediately followed 
by that of Belgium. The Belgic people, always French in their 
institutions and feelings, had been, at the congress of Vienna, 
arbitrarily annexed to Holland. They now seized the opportunity 
to sever themselves. A national congress was assembled, which 
declared the independence of Belgium, and in 1832 adopted a 
constitutional monarchy. The representatives of the five powers, 
Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, assembled in Lon- 
don, arranged the boundaries of the new kingdom, and appor- 
tioned the national debt between Belgium and Holland. Leo- 
pold, of Saxe Coburg, the widowed son-in-law of George IV. of 
England, was made king. Leopold afterwards married Louisa, 
eldest daughter of Louis Philippe. The great and good Lafayette 
died May 1, 1834. The people gathered in throngs to his burial, 
and wept as for a Father.* 

13. Repeated attempts upon the life of Louis Philippe were 
made the pretence for so strengthening his power and his 
military arrangements, that he wholly abridged the hberties of 
the French people, completely shackled the press, and placed 
Paris under military despotism. He, however, bent in some 
things to the spirit of the age. His government patronized 
schools for the improvement of the common people ; and although 
his power promptly quelled their insurrections, yet he gratified the 
feelings of the French, by asking of the British, the remains of him 
whose conquests gave them, for a time, such a proud eminence 
among the nations. A warlike vessel was sent to St. Helena, 
The grass-grown nook was disturbed, and its willows no longer 
wave over the grave of Napoleon. Attended by six hundred 
thousand persons, — borne on a glittering car, the conqueror again 
enters Paris. But death has conquered him ; and it is but dust 
and ashes, which is borne aloft, in that pompous ceremonial. The 
spirit, which once gave such mighty energy, is gone — we know 
not whither. 

* So said, to the author, Nov. 6, 1854, the superintendent of the ceme- 
tery of the Rue Pecpus, who superintended his funeral, and buried him 
there with his family, beside his wife, self-sacrificed for him. The Mont- 
morencies, the Eochefoucaults, the Polignacs, and a few other families of 
the old French noblesse, are buried in this small private cemetery. 



11. Kelate the last valiant struggle of the Poles. — 12. What account 
<;an you give of Belgium? When occurred the death of Lafayette? — ■ 
13. What has been the course of Louis Philippe? In what respect did he 
hend to the spirit of the age ? In what particular did he gratify the French 
people? Kelate some particulars of the second funeral of Napoleon. 



CHAPTEPw IV, 



Modern Ilia. 



1§15. 

Americans 



I 



The Kepublic of America. PERPD IX 

CUAP. IV. 

1. In the treaty of Ghent, between Great Britain and the • ^ „ __ ■ 

United States, tlie contracting nations were, in regard to terri- 
tory, restored to their respective hmits before the contest. Great 

Britain had not formally relinqnished " the right of search," but 
she had learned, that she could not exercise it on the Americans 
with impunity. . . Commodore Decatur was dispatched with a chastise'the 
formidable naval force into the Mediterranean, to chastise the ^'gerines. 
piratical powers on the coast of Barbary. The Algerines were 
humbled. Their shipping was captured, their defences destroy- 
ed, and the terrified l)ey, while his chief city lay exposed to the 
fii-e of Decatur's guns, consented to make compensation for his 
past injuries to American commerce, and to withdraw his claims 
to the tribute, which the American republic, as well as Europe, 
had previously submitted to the disgrace of paying. Tunis and 
Tripoli were also compelled to agree to humiliating terms of 
peace. 

2. The efforts of congress were now directed to improve the (-bashing- 
internal condition and prosperity of the Union. The Bank of ton, Jeffer- 
the United States, which had been established during Wash- Monroe, and 
ington's administration, was re-chartered, with a capital of ^^J^^^^*"'^^^^ 
35,000,000 of dollars ; and a tariff of duties on foreign com- idency two 
merce was established, whose object was to secure some of the ^thTn'pat-^ 
more common domestic manufactures against a ruinous foreign rioticaiiy de- 
competition. . . James Monroe, a citizen of Virginia, succeeded Jiection.^ 
Madison in the presidency, by a vote nearly unanihious. His 1§1'3', 
administration was distinguished as " the era of good feeling. . ." Mr. Monroe. 
The federal Union, enlarged by the admission of new states,f (tMichigan 
increased steadily in general prosperity. Its ocean bounda- in 1837, ma- 
ry on the southeast was perfected by the purchase of Flor- ^^S^the 
ida, from Spain, for $5,000,000. All internal duties and taxes old thirteen.) 
were abolished ; and the surviving soldiers of the revolution were 1§ 19-20 
relieved from poverty by the grant of adequate pensions. "^ Florida ^^ 

3. By invitation from the American government, general La- 
fayette arrived in New York, August, 1824, and was met by a ^^^j^- 
warmth of national friendship and gratitude beyond his most fayette.^" 
sanguine anticipations. His progress through the twenty-four £^1^^" 
states of the republic was one continued triumphal procession, he now made 
In consequence of his services and expenditures, congress made address*? de- 
him a grant of $200,000, and a valuable township of land in ciininghis 
Florida. After having been present at the inauguration of the titfe, '^'the 
younger Mr. Adams, March 4th, 1825, he embarked on board ™|a'^e[tem'* 

1. What is said of the treaty of Ghent? Of the war with Algiers? 
— *Z. What two measures of congress are here related ? What change of 
presidents occurred ? What is here mentioned in the side-notes ? What 
was the character of Mr. Monroe's administration, and the condition of tlie 
country ?— 3. Kelate the visit of Lafayette to America. What change of 
presidents was made in 1825 ? 

487 




488 THREATENED REBELLION OF SOTJTH CAROLINA. 

Modern His. i\q ^ew frigate Brandywine, and returned, to act again an im- 
PEEi'D IX. portant part on the theatre of France. 
CHAP. IV. ^_ Qj^ ^i^Q 4^]^ Q^ March, 1829, general Jackson was inau- 
gurated president of the repubhc, and John C. Calhoun vice- 
president. .. In 1832, North America was visited by the fatal 
" Asiatic Cholera," which began in Asia about fifteen years before. 
It passed through Europe, then made its appearance in Canada, 
from whence it spread destruction over America, being chiefly 
fatal in populous cities... On the 4th of March, 1833, general 
Jackson and J^cksou was again inaugurated president of the repubhc, and 
Van Buren. Martin Van Buren was made vice-president. 

5. The protective duties laid by congress, while they advanced 
the prosperity of the manufacturing interest of the north, increas- 
ed the price of commodities, some of which were especially need- 
ed at the south. Hence a violent anti-tariif party arose, chiefly 
1§3I3. i^ South Carolina. After working themselves up by meetings, 
"NuiMca- speeches, and the press, to a high pitch of excitement, this party 
(iSted pi'oceeded to declare, through a convention chosen for the pur- 
? ''d *^T V^^^i ^^^ congress, in laying protective duties, had exceeded its 
Webster, in just powcrs — that its acts, on this head, should be null and void ; 
^speech^*^ and that it should be the duty of the legislature of South Caro- 
against Gen. lina to make provision to resist them by an armed force. The 
ayne.) iggigi^ture obeyed the ordinance ; and thus, for the first time, 
one of the sister states was in the attitude of rebellion against 
Jackson's ^^^ paternal rule of the general government. The president af- 
prociama- fectionatcly called on the wandering state to return to obedience, 
while he took such decided measures to compel submission, as 
1§33. left little hope that resistance would be availing. The nulHfica- 
"Compri ^^^^ party then consented to a compromise, Avhich was introduced 
mise Bill." into congress by Henry Clay. 

United states 6. The national bank had, with apparent satisfaction to the 
Bank. business community, afforded the facility of easy transmission, 
Opinion of and a uniform currency to every part of the republic. A party, 
!ja^ckson bowever, arose, with president Jackson at its head, who opposed 
party, the bank, doubting its constitutionality and expediency. His 
Of the Jack- opponents alleged that the directors had refused to permit its 
son or anti- offices to be made by the government the I'eward of party ser- 
vices ; as unhappily those of the revenue and post-office have, 
within the present century, been more or less made. The friends 
of general Jackson, on the other hand, asserted that the agents 
of the bank had corruptly used their great moneyed power 
against the supporters of his administration. However the con- 
1 §32 ^^^^ between the executive and the bank might have begun, its 
Gen. Jackson coursc was mutual injury, and its close destruction to the bank; 
tIniJsVhar- ^^^ president, in 1832, putting his veto upon a bill for rechar- 

ter. - 

4. When did the two inanorurations of general Jackson occur, and who 
were the vice-presidents? What account is given of the Asiatic cholera? 
— 5. What occurred in consequence of the tariff or protective duties? 
What was the course of the anti-tariff or nullification party in South Car- 
olina? What was that of the president? — 6. Give an account of the na- 
tional bank, — the opposition to it, — its fall. 




} 



INTERNAL DERANGEMENT. 489 

tering it, wliicli bad passed both bouses of congress. In 1833, ^^o<^^^^ //^. 
the charter being* soon to expire, general Jackson directed Mr. perfd ix. 
DuANE, the secretary of the treasury, to withdraw from it the 
government funds. Mr. Duane, personally responsible in heavy 
bonds, refused ; believing that the constitution regarded the 
keeper of the pubHc purse as amenable rather to the house of 
representatives, than to the executive. General Jackson removed thi' depSts. 
him, and put Mr. Taney in his place, by whom the funds were lg;i.>. 
withdrawn. They were afterwards, by act of congress, placed The (iep<|?it3 
in certain selected state banks, which were encouraged to dis- Sie''"pet 
count freely; and thus facihties too great before, by which i^aQ^s." 
money might be obtained on credit, were increased. 

1. A perfect madness of speculation became rife throughout ^^^'^• 
the land. The lots oi cities, real or imaginary, were so bought miMony 
and sold that fortunes were made in a day. Idleness and ex- ^^"^^ stop 

n • -, t ml ■ IT specie pay- 

travagauce took the place ot industry and economy. Ihis pubhc ment. 
fever had, in 1837, a fearful crisis. Before it, every one seemed 
growing rich ; after it, many individuals and families were daily 
reduced from affluence to hopeless poverty. The banks w^ere 
obhged to suspend specie payment, and credit seemed universally 
at an end. But, by a return to the neglected virtues of industry 
and economy, and by the great productive powers of the labor, 
the soil, and the manufactures of the country, business revived. 
The banks of New York, in 1838, resumed specie payment, and (1S54 
those in other parts of the country, which did not utterly fail, every^sta™^ 
soon followed their example. State governments, and other cor- ^^t one has 
porations, had partaken the general mania of deahng upon credit, ^on for pay- 
and some of them were unable to fulfil their stipulations in time ; ment.) 
but none, we trust, will permanently disgrace themselves and 
their country by repudiating their just debts, especially ; while 
the fair expedient of direct taxation is before them. 

8. A portion of the aboriginal Indian tribes remained on their 
reservations within the republic. Their settled practice of ma- ^^^ chero- 
king war, when, so far from having declared it, their show of kees are, we 
friendship was the greatest, made them dangerous and dreaded g^feQed^T 
neie'hbors. The a:eneral s'overnment had become involved in an newspaper is 
agreement with Georgia to extinguish the Indian title to lands estWished 
^vithin its borders, as soon as this could peaceably be effected, ^^^^^^f tifei?' 
Yet, in its northwestern section, the Cherokees, the most civilized principal 
of the North American tribes, inhabited and refused to quit their ^^^oss.)^^ 
ancient domain. The president believed, that if the Indians at- 
tempted to remain, mingled with the white population, it would 
but lead, as in former cases, to their own destruction. He there- 
fore proposed to congress that they should set apart a large ter- 

6. What was Gen. Jackson's course in regard to the secretary of the 
treasury ? — 7. Eelate the course of things preceding the revulsion. At what 
time did that occur ? What was then tlie condition of the country ? What 
causes produced a return of prosperity ? — 8. What practice of the Indians 
made it apparently expedient that they should be removed? In what en- 
gagement was the United States involved ? What plan was proposed — by 
whom — and what occurred in consequence 'i What is remarked concerning 
the Cherokees 1 

62 



490 



THE FLORIDA WAK. 



Modern His. 
PEEFD IX. 

CHAP. IV. 




1§S7. 

March 4. 
Inauguration 
of VanBuren 
and Johnson. 



(Events of 
the French 
revolution, 
184S, estab- 
lish the cor- 
rectness of 
Mr. V. B.'s 
principle.) 



1§41. 

Harrison's 
short presi- 
dency. 



May 31. 



convened. 

August 18. 
Mr. Tyler's 
first veto. 

Sept. 9. 
His second- 



ritoiy in the west, and remove them thither. Congi'ess author- 
ized general Jackson to cany out his project, and, one by one, 
the tribes have been sent to their destined abode. 

9. The Seminoles of Florida, incited by their chief Osceola, 
refused to remove ; and a destructive war was carried on to hunt 
them out from the unhealthy morasses of that peninsula. One 
little army of 117 men, under major Dade, fell into an ambus- 
cade, and were all cut off. A year after, at lake Okee-Chobee, 
138 were killed, among whom was their commander, colonel 
Thompson ; and it was not until 1842 that the Seminoles were 
in any measure subdued. . . While the Florida war was in prog- 
ress, the Creeks attacked a steamboat on the Chattahoochee river 
and burned it ; — another was fired, and with all its passengers 
consumed. General Scott was sent against these Indians ; and 
in a few months they were reduced to submission, and sent to 
the west. 

10. On the 4th of March, 183*7, occurred the inauguration of 
Martin Van Buren, as president of the United States, and 
Richard M. Johnson as vice-president. Mr. Van Buren was 
unfortunate in the time of his accession to the presidency, as it 
was the year of " the revulsion," when there was so much pecu- 
niary distress. The whigs believed, that the government were 
bound to attempt something for the general relief; but the pres- 
ident and his party maintained, that the faults of individuals had 
produced the depression, and individual industry and enterprise 
would alone suffice to restore prosperity. Meantime, as the 
banks where the government deposits had been kept, were not 
considered safe, he projected a plan for keeping the pubhc purse 
called the " sub-treasury scheme ;" which proving unpopular, the 
democratic party lost the next election ; which was by the ma- 
jority given to general Harrison, as president, and John Tyler, 
as vice-president. The benevolent and kind-hearted Harrison 
died in one month after he was inaugurated ; when, by the con- 
stitution, Mr. Tyler became president. 

11. The whigs, flushed with their late victory, never doubted 
that their policy would be carried into effect by the man whom 
they had elevated. Mr. Tyler had, however, during a previous 
career of high office, sometimes acted with the democrats, and 
sometimes refused to hold himself amenable to any party. The 
question especially at issue was, shall the public money, as 
maintained by the whigs, be kept in a United States Bank, or, 
as held by their opponents, remain in an independent treasury ? 
President Harrison had called an extra congress to meet in May. 
When the delegates assembled, Mr. Tjder, then president, defeat- 
ed, by two successive vetoes, bills which the whigs passed to re- 



9. Give an account of the Florida, or Seminole war. — 10. What change 
of presidents occurred, and when ? Why was Mr. Van Buren unfor- 
tunate in the time of his presidency? Who was Mr. Van Buren's suc- 
cessor in the presidency, and how lonar did he remain? — 11. What did 
the whigs expect of president Tyler? What was the question at issue be- 
tween the political parties ? 



ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 491 

establish a national bank for a depository of the public money. -^^»t?ern ina. 
The able cabinet selected by Harrison had all remained in office TEurD ix. 
up to the time of the second veto, when all resigned, except Dan- *^"'^^- "^* 
lEL Webster, secretary of state ; and he only remained until he 
had negotiated the Ashburton Treaty ; by which a very grave 
dispute with England concerning the boundary between Maine 
and Lower Canada was happily adjusted. He then resigned, 
leaving INIr. Tyler to work out the pioblem, whether the American 
government has the inherent stability to allow an administration 
to stand, unsupported by any party. Mr. Tyler's not only stood, 
but, by taking the initial steps in the annexation of Texas, it be- 
came the first mover in the chain of events, by which America 
acquired one-third of her present territory. 




CHAPTER V. 

War between fhe American Eepublic and Mexico. 



1. Although the United States and England had acknowl- 
edged the independence of Texas, yet Mexico ever claimed the 
country as her own. On the ground of our peaceable relations jj *f 3 
with that power, and of the unsettled boundaries of Texas, Gen. u. s. reco'g- 
Jackson, and, after him, Mr. Van Buren, declined her repeated "n^depend" 
overtures for annexation to the republic. But a I'eport was now ence; Eng- 
spread, that Great Britain was about to take Texas under her same,*^i842.^ 
protection, and exclude slaver)^ The whole people of the Union 
were unwilling, that England should control a country upon its 
southern frontier; and the men of the south, of whose views Mr. 
Calhoun, now secretary of state, was the exponent, were alarmed 
by fears of the exclusion of slavery — they being desirous to in- 1§44. 
crease the number of slave states. The immediate annexation of ^^"Texas^'^ 
Texas, therefore, became suddenly popular; and in 1844, at the made a test 
presidential canvas, Henry Clay, the great whig leader wdio op- *i'^'^^"*^°- 
posed it, lost the election; whilst the democratic candidate, James Feb., is45. 
K. Polk of Tennessee who favored it, was chosen. After his tion annex- 
election, but while Mr. Tyler was yet president, Texas was an- ^°= '■^^^^^• 
nexed by a joint resolution of congress. Senor Almonte, the 
Mexican ambassador, declared it, casus belli, and immediately ^^"^^^ 
left Washington. Thus Mr. Polk came into power expecting a Mr. Polk in- 
war with Mexico ; — and he determined to make it available for augurated. 
the acquisition of her northwestern provinces. He sent, in March, -t'.T,^^^' ^^^ 

-. r. 1 ^ , , ^ „ ,.„ . . ^, ,, ' , , ,' Colt's newly- 

1845, overland to (Jahiornia, sixty-three able men, well armed,"!* invented re- 

volver.) 

13. How did Mr. Tyler use the veto power? What effect had this upon 
his cabinet? What is said of the Ashburton treaty? What problem is 
•worked out by Mr. Tyler's course, and how decided ? 

Chap. V. — 1. On what ground did Gen. Jackson and Mr. Van Buren de- 
cide against annexinis: Texas? What occurred to change the views of the 
Americans? Why did Henry Clay lose the election, and Mr. Polk obtain 
it ? When and how was Texas annexed ? What was done by the Mexican 
ambassador ? 




492 THE MEXICAN WAK. 

Modern His, y^t equipped as a scientific corps, and under the command of 
PEEPD IX. the great explorer, captain John C. Fremont ; — and in the Oc- 
tober succeeding, for the same destination, he ordered a naval 
force with marines to proceed, under Com. Stockton, by the way 
of Cape Horn. 

2. In the mean time, Mr. Slidell, a special envoy, was sent to 
the Mexicans ; but they, with the hereditary hatred of the Span- 
ish Catholics to the Puritans, refused, as was expected, to treat 
for peace. On the 30th of July, 1845, an American force under 
general Taylor was ordered to the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
A Mexican army, under Arista, was on the opposite shore ; and 
a collision soon occurred, in which sixteen Americans were either 
killed or wounded. . . On the 11th of May, 1846, the president 

Thornton's announced that the Mexicans had invaded our territory, and that 

'^J^pt'^ije; first "the blood of our citizens had been shed upon our own soil." 

The American people had not till this moment suspected that a 

war was in progress. In astonishment and indignation, congress 

Palo Alto I'esponded " that war existed by the act of Mexico ;" and they 
May 8 and 9. forthwith passcd laws for appropriating ten millions of dollars, 
forclfSio; aiitl enlisting 50,000 volunteers. But before any aid could reach 
M^™'k'&?' '^^y^^^'j ^^^® ^^^ marines, he had twice fought and conquered a 

4o6- Am. k!' Mexican force nearly the double of his own. Matamoras now 

Resacct^de ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ hands of the Americans. Formal declarations of 

la Paima. war, from each belligerent, soon followed. 

3. The Mexican war is unparalleled in regard to the great re- 
sults, suddenly, and without previous preparation, effected by the 
internal energies of a young and vigorous nation, put forth in a 
popular direction ; and also, in regard to the immense distances 

1§46. to be swept over by sea and land, as embraced in the plan of 

May 15. the Campaign, which, on the 15th and 16th of May, was formed 

the^campaign by the cxecutive, with the aid of major-general Scott. Its 

wStnAon *^^j^^t ^^^^ t^ conquer California and the intervening territory for 

' a permanent possession ; and so to distress the Mexicans in the 

heart of their country, that the government would peacefully yield 

these provinces. Vessels were to sail round Cape Horn to CaH- 

fornia ; — general Kearney, with the " Army of the West," was 

to go from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, — conquer JS'ew Mexico, 

and thence proceed to the Pacific, to co-operate in the conquest 

of California ; — general Wool was to rendezvous at Bexar, in 

(t Monterey Texas, and to invade Mexico through Coahuila; — while general 

Not Monti Taylor was to advance, and capture Monterey .f To accomplish 

rey,asea- all this, the republic had, of regular forces, only 9,000 men. 

'^^fornia.) ^" Yet these vast designs were carried into effect, and by an army 

of volunteers, formed on the spur of the occasion. 

1. What appears to have been Mr. Polk's views ? What overland expe- 
dition did he send to California ? What naval expedition ? — 2. What is 
said of Mr. Slidell's mission? Where was Gen. Taylor sent, and what con- 
sequence followed ? What did the president announce ? How did con- 
gress respond ? Relate the movements of Gen. Taylor on the Kio Grande. — 
3. In what two respects is the Mexican war unparalleled ? What was the 
object of the campaign ? What was its plan ? What army had the repub- 
lic ? By what means were the vast designs of the campaign carried out ? 



CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. 493 

4. Gen. Wool, who, during the summer and autumn, had been Modern ins. 
active ia raising and forming the vohiuteer forces, having pro- perfd ix. 
ceeded on his destined course to Parras, in Coahuila, was called ^^^^^' ^' 
to the aid of the army of Gen. Taylor ; which, after the taking of ^^^^^^^ 
Monterey, was lying at Saltillo, and there threatened by the junction of 
main Mexican force, at San Louis Potosi, under the commander- ^^l^H^H, 
in-chief. Notwithstanding their danger, the generals Taylor and tiUo. 
Wool were now obliged to part with the most efficient portion 

of their small army, to go to assist Gen. Scott in an attempt ^^^^ 
upon the Mexican capital. But at the mountain pass of Buena American 
Vista, they met, and bore back the shock of the finest army, which ^"j;^/^ *j.Jf/ 
Mexico had ever brought into the field, — and commanded by San- times that 
ta Anna in person. This general, after his defeat, retired to re- AmS^ioss 
cruit his forces, and interpose them between the army of Scott ^^jj^^.^jj^^' 
and the city of Mexico. Gen. Taylor, returning to the United 4^000. 
States, was rewarded by an election to the presidency ; while 
Gen. Wool, remaining at Monterey, so governed the conquered 
region, that its principal citizens thenceforward desired its annex- 
ation to the American Union. 

5. In January, 1846, we find Capt. Fremont on the western 
borders of the Sierra Nevada, 200 miles east of Californian Mon- 
terey. At first he was kindly received by the Mexican authori- 
ties, but subsequently ordered to depart. He retired to Oregon ; 
returned in June, — was joined by a few American settlers on the ^ ^ -^ 
Sacramento, and then, as their leader, he raised the standard of j^iy 7^ tii'e 
independent California. Com. Sloat, the naval commander, -^^J'g^lf^"/ 
knowing that Fremont Avas acting under executive authority, ence is raised 
followed, his lead, — took Monterey and San Francisco, and hoisted ^^ ^i-emont. 
the American flag. Fremont at once exchanged for it, the Cali- 
fornian. Then proceeding to Monterey, he arrived at the right 
moment to meet Com. Stockton, who now superseded Sloat, 

Taking on board Fremont with his Californian battalion, Stock- 
ton sailed south to the vicinity of Los Angeles. That city was 
taken, and all Upper California conquered. Stockton and Fre- 
mont then left Angeles with a garrison. Soon after, the Califor- 
nians, by the aid of a Mexican force, revolted, and regained the 
city. 

6. Meantime Gen. Kearney, having conquered New Mexico, t (Kearney, 
and estabhshed an American government at Santa Fe, advanced jjgjjg°|t™p^ 
with an escort of 200 menf by the river Gila. When within an express 
forty miles of Angeles, he learned that Southern Cahfornia had ^tra's^ln?" 
revolted ; and that he was in an enemy's country, surrounded by Fremont's 
well-mounted hostile cavalry. He found means to send to Stock- thTmai^n part 
ton, at San Diego, an account of his perilous position; and by of his army.) 



4. How were the two armies of generals Wool and Taylor situated with 
regard to each other? Where was a battle fought, by whom, and with 
what result? Where did the conquered general go ? What is said of the 
two victorious generals? — 5. Where was Capt. Fremont in January, 1846? 
What was his course afterwards ? What was done by Com. Sloat ? 
Whom did Fremont meet at Monterey, and what followed i What occur- 
red at Angeles ? 



494 

Modern Ris. j^q ^id of troops seiit by him, and .by liard fighting at San Pas- 

PEEi'D IX. ca], Gen. Kearney reached the coast with the remnant of his 

CHAP. V. \yY^YQ corps. To retake Angeles was now the object of the 

' ~~Y ' Americans. Col. Fremont, who had been recruiting at the north, 

1§46. ^f^g marching towards Angeles — along the bleak coast of the 

San Pascal. Pacific Avith 400 men. Stockton and Kearney advanced upon 

?ir'5eps' ^^^ same point from San Diego. The Californian troops met 

the field, them, made a slight resistance, then turned, and passing Angeles, 

l§4'y. they went to Cowenga, and capitulated to Fremont. Thus was 

'^?"- 1^; completed the conquest of California. 

of Cowenga. 1. On the 26th of March, 1847, Gen. Scott, after a masterly 

Scott's ex- siege of twenty days, took Vera Cruz, the principal port of Mex- 

1§4^.' ^^^' ^^^^ ^^® castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, its strongest fortress. 

March 20. The Other ports on the Gulf were soon captured by naval com- 

^"ifken!^^ mandeis ; after which the American government established 

April 18. custom-houses and collected a revenue. . . On arriving at the 

GOEDO ^^^'d^^^^^'^^i ^^^- Scott's road lay through a mountain gorge, com- 

Mex. force mauded by the heights of Cerro Gordo, from which bristled the 

force ^50™" cannon of Santa Anna. The American engineers, Lee and 

Mox. lo'ss, k. Beauregard, prepared in secrecy a circuitous route, by which 

Amrfoss 430. the army attacked the rear of the enemy, and put him to route. 

^ , The pursuit, directed by Scott before the battle bee^an, was in- 

( August 7. ••^ ' '^ .1 -r^ 1 1 1 TTTl •! 1 

Scott moves stant, and ceased not until Puebla was entered. While the 

m&n iealin<^ American army waited there for reinforcements, sickness thinned 

in hospitals" its ranks. From Puebla, Gen. Scott's march was at first over 

^rison's^ooo!' high table-lands, then up the mountain passes of the Central 

His line of Cordillcras. On the third day, the army reached the height, 

open.) when they enjoyed the grand prospect of the Mexican vale, the 

city, and the surrounding lakes, and giant mountains. 

8. The ground plot of the city was once an island, in lake 
Tezcuco. The greater part of the lake had now become an 
oozy marsh, through which the city was approached by long 
straight causeways, enfiladed by the artillery of strong fortresses. 
Of these, that connected with the Vera Cruz road, on which 
the army lay, was the most dangerous. Again the engineers 
made (and for twenty-seven miles) a secret road, over grounds 
deemed impassable ; and through this, the array were changed to 



1§4'?'. 



the Acapulco road. On the 20th of August, before daylight, the 
A^r^st 20. Mexican camp at Contreras was taken by storm ; at noon a vic- 
Agfef.t day tory was obtained over the forces of Santa Anna ; and at evening, 

ensued the assault and capture of the fortress of Cherubusco. 
9. Gen. Scott might now have entered the city in triumph — but 

he was sent, " not to conquer Mexico, but a peace ;" and willing 

6. What had Gen. Kearney effected? In what way did he proceed to 
California? How did he arrive there? What movements were made to 
retake Angeles ? Where, and to whom, was the final capitulation of the 
Californian army made? — 7. What was taken (and when) by the Ameri- 
cans under Gen. Scott? What was his course from the coast? Describe 
the battle of Cerro Gordo. The pursuit. Gen. Scott's progress from 
Puebla. — 8. Describe the situation of the city of Mexico. How did tho 
American army approach it? What was done by the Americans on tho 
20th of August? 




PEACE CONCLUDKD. 495 

"to leave the Mexicans something on which to I'est their national ^fo^crni/is. 
pride," he granted thein a suspension of arms. But Santa Anna peiu'd ix. 
violated the armistice, by making a fortress at Molinos del 
Rey. It was taken, although at a melancholy sacrifice of life. 
The strongly-fortified hill of Chepul tepee, on which once stood 
the veritable "halls of the Montezumas," but now the military 
academy of Mexico, was the only remaining exterior defence of 'Am. Km 
the city. This the Americans stormed and took, — and again they Mex.^JoL^se- 
defeated the army of Santa Anna. He sought shelter in the vere, but un- 
city, — but fled in the course of the night. On the succeeding °TTq 
morning, September 14th, Gen. Scott made his triumphal entry Mexico 
into the conquered capital. . . His efforts were directed to the a^. foS^n 
organization of a government, with which he could treat for the two days- 
peace. A Mexican congress at length assembled at Queretaro, 'iswlre^ 
and appointed four commissioners, who, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, officers., 
met with Mr. Trist, an American envoy already in the country. 
Here they formed a treaty of peace, which, being duly ratified, 
America received New Mexico and California ; and obligated her- 
self to pay to Mexico fifteen millions of dollars.* 

* It is a new feature in the history of the world, that the victorious na- 
tion, instead of taxing the conquered, should give them money, or should; 
pay for provinces already theirs by conquest. Public opinion in America,, 
however, does not favor possession by mere conquest. If the Americans 
were, as is erroneously believed in Europe, desirous of making all possible- 
annexations, they would at this moment have taken full possession of Mex- 
ico. So far froui any thing to hinder it, many of the inhabitants now anx- 
iously desired it. From the district ruled by Gen. Wool, there arose, 
after the peace, a conspiracy, whose object was to separate the northern 
provinces from the Mexican, and add them to the American republic : and 
such was the unwonted security of the inhabitants of the capital under the 
paternal military rule of Gen. Scott, that they offered, if he would remain 
and govern them, to give him a large sum' of money; but the veteran 
patriot preferred to go home and ie tried, on petty accusations of his en- 
emies. Those who talk so much of annexing new states, do not consider 
the difference between a sister state and a colony. If the Sandwich Islands 
were to be annexed, and become a state, there must be two senators, hav- 
ing an equal vote in congress with the two senators from New York. 

9. Give an account of the armistice. Of the military operations which, 
occurred between it and the entrance of Gen. Scott into Mexico. Where 
and by whom was the treaty of peace made? What were its leading 
provisions ? 



497 





The Duchess of Orleans and her Children. 



PERIOD X. 



THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE 

AND EXTENSION OF THE 

AMEBICAN REPUBLIC, 



FROM 

) Feb. ( 
[ 1§4§, I 



AND THE DOWNFALL OF 

LOUIS PHILIPPE BY THE FRENCH 

REVOLUTION, 



THE DEATH OF NICHOLAS, 



Mar 
185 



r. 2, r 

55. y 



EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. 



CHAPTER I. 

France. — Eevolution of 1848.— The Eepiiblic. — The Eestoration of the 
Empire. 

1. Europe, in 1848, awoke from the long slumber of despot- 
ism ; and the pent-up discontents of the people, exploded in a 
series of revolutions. Although they began in Sicily, Italy, and 
Hungary, yet it was the revolution of France which was as the 
signal-gun to the battle of the people against their rulers ; and 
this great event in the eastern hemisphere, has its date in the 
same month, February 1848, as the founding of the American 
Pacific empire by the treaty of Guadalupe... Great changes 
had occurred in France, in the division of landed property. The 
old revolution of 1*790 deprived the nobility and clergy of their 
immense estates ;f while by that of July, 1830, and the conse- 
quent abolition of the hereditary peerage, landed estates became 
again subdivided ; in consequence of which, France has now a 
large proportion of independent land-holders, who dread all 
changes by which individual property becomes insecure. 

Period X. — Chap. I. — 1. For what is the year 1848 distinguished in Eu- 
rope? Where did revolutions first appear? What revolution was most 
marked by its effects? In what month did it occur? What remarkable 
event in the western continent occurred at the same time? What change 
had taken place in France in regard to landed estates? and what has 
France now in consequence ? What was sanctioned by the Code Napo- 
leonne ? {See note.) 



Modern Eis, 



PERIOD X. 

CHAP. I. 




(tThe "Code 
Napoloonne" 

sanctioned 
the improv'd 
condition 
of landed 
tenures.) 



CHAP. I. 



500 ELEMENTS OF ANARCHY. 

Modern Bis. 2. Biit simultaneously a counter influence was forming. The 
PEKIOD X. truths taught in later times, that the people have rights, and 
that oppression and tyranny are their wrong's, had, by ambitious 
demagogues and sensual enthusiasts, been carried out to an ex- 
treme of licentiousness, and thus, had given rise to the dangerous 
•comDiuDism, doctrines of socialism, or communism. Although the views of 
gerous ten- the moderate socialist were less demoralizing than those of the 
dency. ^\tY2i communist, yet they all acted politically together ; and they 
indiscriminately receive from current historians either appellation„ 
socialists;— Their leading object was to bring forward a community of men 
they are not and women, where, repudiatins: all law, human and divine, no 

ttTlIG 1*6011 d11" ' / X o ' ' 

cans. man should presume to claim as his ov/n, either wife, or children, 
or property. They called themselves republicans — and from the 
color of the flag which they adopted, they were termed " red 
republicans ;" but in truth they were as diiferent in their views 
from men of the stamp of Lafayette, as they were from absolutists. 
A strong undercurrent of socialism now pervaded, not only France, 
but other parts of central and southern Europe. 

3. Louis Philippe, having manifested abihty in government, 
gained the support of men of property and business, and made 
himself respected by foreign nations. His wife, Amelia of Na- 
ples, was one of the best of the queens of France ; and the 
royal pair were both examples of conjugal and parental aflection. 
But he was ungrateful to Lafayette, and those who elevated him ; 
and in politics, he proved himself an absolutist. He sought the 
aggrandizement of his family, rather than the public good ; and 
thus he made shipwreck of both. Instead of paying the enor- 
1§4T. mous debt, with which the Bourbons had left France encum- 
<^ct. 10. bered, he increased it, even in times of prosperity. He offend- 
the Duke of ©d the nation also by negotiating a marriage of his third son 
to toe'sS^ with the sister of the queen of Spain ; and thus, contrary to 
of Isabella of treaties, putting one of the royal family of France into the line 
^^"^" of the Spanish succession. In Algiers, the heroic Emir, Abdel- 
Kader, was bravely contesting the soil of his native land, when, 
deserted by his followers, he gave himself up to the French, on 
Abdei-Kader Condition that he should be permitted to go with his family 
Enprisonei ^^ ^SJP^ ^"^ Syria. Louis Philippe faithlessly imprisoned him at 
Ham. His minister, M. Guizot, shared the unpopularity of this 
act ; as also that of giving aid to the " Sonderbund," in Switzer- 
land, which was regarcka us the party of the Catholic priests 
against the people. 
bSns.°" 4. Reform banquets in private houses had been held by the 
Feb. 22. liberals in various parts of France. One was announced to take 
5)pose? pl^ce in Paris. The French chamber of deputies took ground 

2. What principles of liberty have been tarsght in later times ? To what 
raay be ascribed the rise of socialism, or communism? What -was the 
leading object of the socialist, or communist? Is there any diiference be- 
tween the two? What were they politically called? Where did sociahstic 
doctrines prevail ? — 3. What is said of Louis Philippe, and of his wife, 
■which is in their favor ? What of Louis Philippe that is against him? In 
what particular instances did he offend the French nation ? What is said 
of M. Guizot? 



1§4§. 
Eevolution 



DOWNFALL OF LOUIS PHILIPPE. 501 

against the meeting. Odillon Barrot, one of the reform lead- Modern ms. 
ers, presented in the chamber a paper impeaching the ministry, period x. 
A tumult arose, and the president abruptly adjourned the house. c"a^-i- 
Thousands collected in the streets. On the morning of the 23d "-^"v"*^ 
of February, M. Guizot announced to the chamber his resigna- "l^'^?' 
tion. " It is too late," was the ominous cry. All was agitation (tLa Grange 
and terror. Blood was shed at evening.f Louis Philippe had Office? to 
made some vain attempts at conciliation; but unmanned by provoke the 
his fears, he did not take with efficiency the means still in his !!.^Xchthey 
power to defend his throne. On the 24th, he abdicated, in did.) 
favor of his young grandson, the Duke of Orleans, — his widowed ^^b 24. 
mother to be regent. The wretched monarch then stole fi-om the king and 
the palace, disguised in citizen's dress ; and, leaning on the arm ^^^^^^ ^onf 
of his braver queen, the pair ascended a small vehicle which deep mourn- 
bore them swiftly from Paris. The Duchess of Orleans heroical- Duk?o/or- 
ly led forth her two young sons through the garden of the Tuil- ieans,hereid- 
leries, to place them under the protection of the deputies. But had^been 
in the legislative chamber all was uproar and danger. She ^acddentT 
fled, amidst the shouts " Vive la Republique ;" and finally es- 
caped with her sons to Germany. 

5. A republic was now formally proclaimed at the Hotel de 1§4§. 
Ville. A Provisional Government was formed, consisting: of the rr^^^^- ^^;. 

1 ,. . 1 p X \> ij- T- ^^® repubhc. 

venerable Dupont de L'iiURE the tnend oi Laiayette,* Lamar- The provis- 
TiNE the poet and orator, Arago the great astronomer, Ore- ment,— Ixec- 
MiEux, and Ledru-Rollin. The last was one of the leaders of ^tiye com- 
the socialists, — this dangerous party being either not under- five, 
stood, or too strong to be defied. Yet Lamartine spoke to them 
fearlessly. "You demand of us," said he, "the red flag, in- 
stead of the tri-color. Citizens ! I will never adopt the red flag. 
The tri-color has made the circuit of the world, under the repub- 
lic and the empire, — with our liberties and our glories. The red 
flag has only made the tour of the Champs de Mars, trained 
through torrents of the blood of the people.". . . The Provisional p . • j 
Government, during its forty days, reorganized the army, estab- government, 
lished the freedom of the press and universal suffi'age, declared ^^l^^^^^' 
a law to abolish the punishment of death for political ofieuces, 
and finally decreed a national assembly, to form a constitution 
on the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The 
word " fraternity" was introduced by the sociahsts. 

* After the vile usage by whicli the minions of Louis Philippe deprived 
Lafayette of the office of commander-in-chief of the National Guards, the 
indignation among the officers was general, and they wished lo resign. /4.|83j j^ 
Lafayette would not allow them. "The good of France," he said, " must \^ ^ conver- 
be consulted." . . "I would permit none of them to resign on my account," sation held 
said he, to the author of this history,t " but my son, and my friend Dupont in Paris, at 
DE l' EuEE. ' ' the ' ' Hotel 

de la Paix.") 

4. What was that measure of the liberals which first led to the revolu- 
tion ? What was done by Odillon Barrot ? What followed ? What occurred 
on the 23d? What was the course pursued by the king? — the queen?— 
the Duchess of Orleans ? — 5. What was done at the Hotel de Ville ? Who 
composed the executive committee ? What is related of Lamartine ? What 
were the acts of the provisional government ? 




502 A BRIGHT DAY OBSCURED. 

Modern His. Q^ Qii the 23d of April, was chosen the constituent or national 
PEEIOD X. assembly. The election showed that the middle class of property 
CHAP. I. liolders were in dread of socialism, although not then developed. 
Lamartine, who had refused to adopt its flag, became the idol of 
the nation, and stood at the head of the poll ; whereas Ledru- 
Rollin was the twenty-fourth on the list. . . On a bright and 
pleasant day. May 4th, the assembly met ; and such was the en- 
thusiasm of the people, that 200,000 gathered around the cham- 
ber, and mingled their shouts with the roar of cannon, as the 
tri-colored flag was unfurled. It was the boast of the new re- 
public, that no blood was shed to establish it ; and now the as- 
sembly required no oath to support it. 

7. This happy day was soon obscured. It had been proclaim- 
ed, under the word Fraternity, that laborers had a right to de- 
mand of government, work and pay ; and Ledru-Rollin had been 

A ruinous i^ade Secretary of the interior, and thus encouraged to attempt 
aw'Jimpi'acti- his ruinous and impracticable schemes. He opened workshops, 
attempted, where two francs a day were paid to those who could be em- 
ployed ; while one franc was given to those who could not. By 
these means the government became a great manufacturing es- 
tabhshment, which, though it was of necessity ill conducted and 
unprofitable, yet at the same time, competing with private indus- 
try and enterprise, it w^as fatal to those foundations of business, 
on which national wealth depends. Factories and shops were 
shut. Want and misery were on every side. The national as- 
LotS^Bhinc ^^^^^y could no longer pay the many thousand, who, according to 
Barbes, Con- the invitations of the plotting socialists,! had now flocked from 
^Ledru-Roi-^ the Country to Paris. Several thousands of their number were 
liD.) directed to return to their homes. This brought on the crisis ex- 
pected by the leaders of the red republicans, who now rose to 
take the property of Paris, — murder resisting citizens, — and estab- 
June23to26. lish their long-desired community. Instigated by them, the dis- 
surrlftion^of ^^'^^^^ workmen rushed into the streets, shouting, " Down with 
the socialists, the Republic !" Other workmen, and the low mob, full of in- 
vario^usiy^ fernal passions, joined them. The friends of law and morals, 
stated from and the owners of property, fought — women as well as men — for 
io,ooo? their homes and their lives. Gen. Cavaignac and other officers 
ably headed valiant troops ; and after four days, this most bloody 
and disastrous of all the insurrections of Paris, was quelled. • 

8. Sociahsra was now put down. Its leaders either fled, or 
were, after trial, banished ; but enthusiasm for a republic had 
perished • too, and men's desires were for security, rather than 
liberty. ' Gen. Cavaignac was the idol of the people ; and had 
he been other than a true republican and an honest man, he 

6. What is said concerning the election of the constituent assembly? 
Describe the occurrences of the 4th of May ? — 7. What claim was set up in 
behalf of laborers ? How was the scheme encouraged ? What was dono 
by the secretary of the interior? What was the consequence of govern- 
ment employing workmen? When the assembly could no longer pay the 
worl<:men, what Avas done? Give an account of the dreadful riot of June, 
1848. — 8. What was now the state of things in France? What is said of 
Gen, Cavaignac? 



LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. 503 

might have been the niililary ruler of France. But there was ^^o(i<^>"^ J^Js. 
now a second "man of destiny" in the field, Louis Napoleon peuiod x. 
BoNATARTE, ncplicw of the emperor, and grandson of Josephine. *^"'^''* ^' 
Although his youth had been spent amidst the struggles of pov- ^~^ ^ 
erty, yet from the death of Napoleon's son, since called Napoleon EeichsuuU: 
II. ,f he regarded himself as the repret^entative of the Bonapartes, broii<iht up 
to whom, he was persuaded, the French people were at Iieai't where it is 
devoted. In 1836, at Strasburg, he made an abortive attempt ^pSwi'tiiat' 
to raise an insurrection, and in 1846 another at Cologne. In hewaspois- 
both cases a handful of military followers shouted " Vive I'Em- atTilcTicc'of 
pereur," showing that his object was the sovereign power, accord- nineteen) 
ing to the model of his uncle. Escaped from the prison of Ham, L^fi^^JJ^pQ. 
to which his second expedition had consigned him, Louis Napo- icon makes 
leon was in England, watching events, when the revolution of ^aUnsurrec? 
1848 broke out in Paris. He hastened thither, but deferring to tion. 
the advice of the Provisional Government, he again retired. He 
was, notwithstanding, elected a member of the national assembly. 
The question whether he should be allowed to take his seat, 
though debated with bitterness, was finally decided in the affir- 
mative; but he waived his right, on account of his wish "to 
preserve the quiet of France." " The name I bear," he said, " is 
a symbol of order, of nationality, of glory. . . If the people should 
impose duties, I should know how to fulfil them." Immediately i§49. 
several journals adopted his name, as a candidate for the coming Dec. lo. 
presidency. The election took place on the 10th of December, elected^ pm- 
when the vote, now unquestionably free, showed that a majority i^erit. 
of three to one was in his favor.* 

9. The French government, in 1849, sent out that military ex- April 22. 
pedition under general Oudinot, which the republicans expect- Sis from* 
ed would aid the liberal party in Rome ; but which eventually I'rance. 
crushed it, and assisted the pope to regain his supremacy... latd^yci- 
The assembly having passed an electoral law for choosing a legis- vita Vecchia. 
lative assembly, ended its long session on the 26th of May, 1849. ^^iJaUve 
In a written message to the assembly, Louis Napoleon took a assembly ad- 
statesmanhke view of the affairs of France. He evinced decision, i^^^^- 
energy, and self-reliance ; and gained public confidence by his 
open opposition to the socialists. Lamartine had, meantime, 
lost his great popularity by a contrary course ; although, he said, 

* It has been of late common to accuse Lafayette of having' made a mis- 
take in 1830, that he did not constitute France a republic, himself at the 
head, rather than a limited monarchy with Louis Pliilippe — and that such 
was his own opinion before he died. In November, 1854, at Paris, I asked 
his noble daughter-in-law if this were true. She said it was not. The 
general was aware that the majority of the Fkench people did not wish 
FOP. A REPUBLIC ; and that although the leaders in Paris might make one, 
yet since tlie tastes and habits of the people were in favor of monarchy, it 
would not be sustained ; and that, therefore, he believed that the best he 
could do for France, was to give her a limited monarchy. Lamartine, 
Madame Lafayette said, had wronged the memory of her father-in-law iu 
two of his books by incorrect statements of facts. E, W. 

8. What is said of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ? What two futile attempts 
did he inake in France ? Describe his course after the revolution of Febru- 
ary 24tli. What is said of his election to the presidency? — 9. What expe- 
dition was sent out under Gen. Oudinot? 



604 THE FRENCH EMPIRE RESTORED. 

Modern His, j^g « mingled with that dark cloud, but as the lightning-rod min- 
PEEIOD X gles with the storm." Louis Napoleon, while he pushed himself, 
CHAP. L g^gp j^^ g^gp^ yp j^Q ^Q pinnacle of power, soothed with consum- 
^■^ ' mate art, the pride of the people, by pleasant words. Said Vic- 
tor Hugo, at the tribune — " Whenever the government forges a 
new chain, it is called liberty ; and whenever it decrees a pro- 
scription, it gives it the name of an amnesty." He lost no op- 
portunity of securing the favor of the military ; and when repub- 
1 §50. hcan officers showed their displeasure at the shouts " Vive I'Em- 
(^he patriot pereur," means were found to displace them.f The ministry 
gara'ierwas which he first formed, with Odillon Barrot at. its head, were ab- 
piaced^t ^'^P^Iy dismissed, because " they did not sufficiently comprehend 
that France needed a direction, single and firm." 

10. As another election approached, Louis Napoleon applied 
to the legislative assembly to procure an amendment of the con- 
stitution, so that he might be a second time eligible to the pres- 
idency. This they not only refused, but were about to impeach 
■^^2 ^^^\ when he sprung upon them that political trap, called the 
Coup d'itat. " coup d^ Hai^'' by which he displaced in an hour the legislative 
persoSTet assembly, and usurped the supreme power. Only the head of 
into the the army and the head of the pohce, with one other person, were 
in his confidence. The leaders of the assembly, and the repub- 
lican high military officers, were arrested in their beds, at five 
o'clock, p. M., on the 2 2d of December; and each in a separate 
vehicle was transported rapidly from Paris. The remaining 
members of the assembly essaying to meet, were forcibly pre- 
vented, treated with gross indignity, and for a few days impris- 
oned. Many of the best patriots of France, were transported to 
the unhealthy swamps of French Guiana. Louis Napoleon now 
called on the people to vote, aye or no, to the question — " Do 
you desire Louis Napoleon to hold office for ten years ?" and, 
according to the returns, they voted aye, by a majority of about 
five-sevenths. " To vote for Louis Napoleon," said the statesman 
1§52 Montalembert, "is not to approve of all that he has done. I 
Nov. 2i! seek in vain elsewhere for a refuge from the gaping gulf of so- 
Votesfor the sialism." In 1852 the dictator made the tour of France, and he 

empire, t • i i p • 

7,824,000, won the people to restore the empire by the same process oi votmg. 

253000. -^^ emperor, he was styled Napoleon IIL He established the 
semblance of a constitution, with a council and a lower house ; 
but so entirely dependent on himself, as to strengthen, instead of 
dividing, or checking his power. The great estates of Louis Phi- 
lippe were subsequently taken from his heirs, on the pretence that 
they became public property when he accepted the crown. 

9. Describe the course of Loiiis Napoleon during his presidency. — 
10. For what did Louis Napoleon apply to the legislative assembly? What 
was done by the assembly? What was his couj) d'etat? What was the 
conduct to which it led him towards the members of the assembly and 
others? How did he propose to the people to vote ? What was the result? 
What was the reason why statesmen voted for him, as explained by Mon- 
talembert? When, and with what majority, was the empire voted for ? {^ISee 
side-note.) What kind of a constitution has Napoleon 111. given the French 
people ? What was done with the estates of Louis Philippe ? 



CHAPTER n. 

Germany. — Prussia. — Austria. — Italy. — Hungary, — Denmark. 

1. The French revolution was to central and southern Europe, ^^'^^^^''^ ^^^ 
as the subterraneous explosion, which causes the vast earthquake, period x. 
In each state of Germany, the people, as they heard that Louis ^"^^' "" 
Philippe had fallen, and France was free, rose as one man, col- ^TTCT"^ 
lected in masses, and demanded of their several rulers, liberty of p^ 24' 
the press, written constitutions, and free suffrage. The French Revolution 
republic was proclaimed February 24th. On the 28th Stutgard ^''^^^^''''^■ 
rose, and petitioned her sovereign, the king of Wirtemberg. On 

the same day, Darmstadt^ and on the 29th, Mayence and Baden, 

and on the 1st of March the people in Resse Cassel On the 3d Ge™an rev- 

• -1 • /-i J 1 i 1 TT7- olutions to 

was a similar movement in Cologne, and on the 4th at West tiie 6th of 
Baden. On the 5th was a revolution in Saxony, and on the 6th ^^*^*^^- 
in Brunswick ; and on the same day the people of Munich pe- 
titioned their sovereign, Louis L, king of Bavaria, who had al- 
ready given them a constitution, and was now willing to grant 
liberally their political requests ; but they insisting that he should ^^^l ^oh" 
send away his mistress,| he abdicated his crown in favor of his Montes.) 
son Maximilian IL 

2. The people demanded also that the German states should 
become federal, with an efficient general government ; or, as ex- 
pressed in Vienna, a " United States of Germany." The rulers 
could not contend with their united strength. New constitutions 

were ffiven where none existed, and old ones were made more lib- ^?,^„T^^°^® 
eral. Suffrage and the press were made free, and the citizens were 
formed into military bands, as national, or burgher guards. In 
respect to a Germanic union, the sovereigns caused free elections 
to be held in their several states for the choice of delegates to a Meeting of 
constituent assembly, who convened. May 18th, at Frankfort-on- ^go^^j^ffJ^nJ' 
the-Maine, and there formed a federal constitution. When they assembly. 
met, the old diet, or legislative chamber, through whose feeble 
powers Germany had heretofore possessed the shadow of a union, 
were in session at the same place; and they sent cordial greetings 
to the new assembly. The archduke John, uncle to the emperor 
of Austria, was chosen and solemnly installed as its chief, by the 
title of Regent of the German Union. But these cheering pros- 
pects were checked by a want of good faith on the part of Prus- 
sia, and finally destroyed by Austria. 

3. In Prussia, the liberals had not waited for France to enter 

Chap. II.— 1. What is there in nature beginning in one spot, and yet 
vastly extensive in its effects, and what historical event is compared to it? 
What occurred in the states of Germany? In what places were there 
risings of the people between the 24th of February and 6th of March ? 
What did the people demand in regard to the press, suifrage, &c. ? — 
2. What in regard to a Germanic union? What assembly was chosen? 
Wliere, and for what purpose, did they meet? What other public body is 
mentioned ? What is said of the archduke John ? How was the Germanic 
union checked, and finally destroyed ? 

64 




506 A DOUBLE-MINDED KING. 

Modern Eis. x^i^QXi the path of reform. They had petitioned their sovereign, 
PERIOD X. Frederick William IV., and he, after several ])roken promises 
and a long delay, had given them, on the 8th of February, 1847, 
a constitution — not, however, satisfactory ; and the people of Ber- 
lin rose on the 13th of March. The king at first sought to quiet 
them by fair words ; but now they stood in their might, firmly 
ing^at Berlin, togethei', and required deeds. The terrified monarch suddenly 
changed his tactics, and took the air of being himself the leader 
March 18. ^f the revolution — the aggrieved instead of the aggressor. " We 
T^J matft ^^™^^^<^V' said he, in a proclamation, " that Germany be trans- 
■ formed from a confederation of states, to one federal state. We 
demand a German federal flag — a German federal tribunal ; and 
we demand that no barriers shall impede trafiic from state to 
state, and cripple domestic industry. We demand, therefore, a 
German union of customs" [Zoll-verein). To this proclamation 
the king appended a decree giving full liberty to the press. The 
Th €o 1 . ^^*^^^^^g^ ^f ^^^^ people at this unexpected demonstration were irre- 
overjoyed,' pressiblc. They crowded around the palace, to vent their joy and 
^remuS'^ gratitude, in shouts and acclamations. A troop of dragoons rode 
The king's up and attempted to push them back. They resisted ; — fighting 
apo ogy. Q|jgy^(;|^ r^jj(j sixty persons were killed. The king took it in grief, 
and not in anger ; humbly apologizing, in a sensible, though un- 
kingly style, to his " beloved BeiTiners" for the unintentional at- 
tack of the troops upon the people. He besought the inhabitants 
" of his beloved native city" to acknowledge their fatal error 
in violently repulsing his soldiers, who meant them no harm. 
" Their loving king, their trusting friend," enjoined them to re- 
turn to peace, and to remove the barricades from the streets; 
and they did remove them. 

4. The students of the Prussian universities had exercised 
great influence in promoting liberalism. These the king molli- 
fied by humble protestations. " Mark me, gentlemen," said he, 
"take it down in writing — I desire nothing for myself; all I 
want is German liberty and unity. From henceforth the name 
of Prussia is fused in that of Germany." The sentiments thus 
1§4§. expressed by the king of Prussia gave great and extensive satis- 
UeSin^'of ^^^^^^^' The constituent assembly at Frankfort confidently ex- 
a constituent pected that he would take the headship of the general govern- 
^Beriin.^"^ mcnt of Germany, to which, in consequence of these deceptive 
(tNationai or professions, he was chosen ; but he rejected the offer. On the 
asslrabiy.>a 2 2d of May a national assemblyf met in Berlin, having been 
''to foraiT ^^60^6^^ ^^ assist the king in perfecting a new and liberal consti- 
constitution.) tution, the outlines of which he had himself promulgated. He 
opened the assembly in person, saying to the deputies — " I wel- 
come you with joyful earnestness." — " The new constitution, 

3. What were the movements of the liberals in Prussia? What part was 
taken by the king;? What was the date of the rising at Berlin? How was 
the occasion met by the king? What were the feelings of the people, and. 
how shown? What followe'd ? — 4. What is said of the Prussian universi- 
ties ? Of the king's course respecting them, and his language? What blow 
was given to the C4ermauic union by this insincere language? What is 
here said of a constituent assembly ? {See side-note.) 



ANARCHY DESPOTISM. 507 

which we are to unite in forming, will constitute a new era in ^^(^f^^-^n iHs. 
the history of Prussia and of Germany." And so it might, per- pekiod x. 
haps, have proved, but the people demanded the right to rule ^^^^^- ^^ 
both the assembly and the king. Instead of putting their wisest " "< '^ 
men in the lead, they followed the lowest of the mob; who were 
not only ignorant of the science of government, but who, being 1§4§. 
imbued with socialism, were not disposed to be satisfied with ^stroys'trur 
any thing short of the subversion of the whole fabric of societ3^ liberty. 
As the king made concessions, they continually increased their 
demands. Again and again, he changed his cabinet to gratify 
their caprices ; until at length he could scarcely obtain for a min- 
ister of state, a man of character and ability. Because it was 
voted in the assembly that the events of March were not a revo- june 16. 
lution, the mob, in order to make one, stormed the public arse- B^rUn— tho 
nal, and took and distributed the arms — thereby converting free- arsenal tak'n. 
dom into a " reign of terror." 

5. The class of citizens who ever constitute the abiding 
strength of society, convinced, that though liberty with law is a 
blessing, yet without it, it is a curse, encouraged the king to with- 
draw to Potsdam, and to appoint as piime minister an anti-lib- 
eral, the able and unbending count Brandenburg. Gen. Van 
Wrangel had already been recalled from the war in Sleswick 
Holstein, and invested with the command of the ti'oops in Berlin, gg^^ 20. 
" How melancholy," said he to the people, " does Berlin appear ! Van Wran- 
No trade ; shops full, but no customers ; laborers without work of Berlin. 
and without wages ! Your houses are empty, and grass grows 

in your streets. This shall be changed. I swear it ! The king 
has confided in me, and I will establish order." Aided by the 
minister, he accomplished his mission — though not at once, or 
without a struggle. A motion was brought forward in the as- 
sembly to assist the inhabitants of Vienna, now besieged by the 
troops of their emperor; and the populace, impatient for its 
speedy passage, rushed tumultuously into the chamber, and blood Count Brm 
was shed in the riot which ensued. The king sent count Bran- *^t1°e^kifg4° 
denburg to prorogue the assembly, requiring the members in- name, pro- 
stantly to disperse. " Never !" they exclaimed. " No — a thou- Sembiy. 
sand times, no !" Gen. Van Wrangel sent men to force them 
out, but not to harm them. Some of the members were cariied 
forth by the stalwart arms of the soldiers, while sitting in their 
chairs. Thus the authority of the crown and the military was 
re-established ; and the storm of anarchy, sank, as usual, into the 
calm of despotism. 

6. Austria. — There is in man a natural hatred of the oppres- 
sor's chain, although it may be concealed, as in Austria, by a 
silken exterior. Abhorrent, too, to natural conscience was the 

4. What was now the lansruage and conduct of the king ? Why did his 
prophecy prove untrue ? What was the conduct of the people in reference 
to the king ? What was the cause of the riot of June 16th ? — 5. What class 
of citizens now came forward, and with what conviction? What was done 
by their advice ? What said Gen. Van Wrangel of the condition of Berlin ? 
W^hat caused the riot in the assembly, April 26th, 1849 ? What was dono 
on the occasion } 



1§49. 

April 26, 



508 AIISTEIAN KEV0LT7TI0N. 

Modern His, espionage, by which one half the people were paid by govern- 

PERIOD X. ment to find out and reveal in private the secrets of the remain- 

CHAP. iL ^^^, . ^j^^ equally so, was the foul practice, kept up by the bureau 

' Y^~-^ of state, of opening the private letters committed to the mail, and 

the™ei?n of of employing clerks to copy them, to forge papers, and to swear 

^•''soiutism, falsely. The knowleda:e of these and other atrocities rankled in 

ternich, and men's minds. Already demonstrations had been made, and now, 

Its fruits, to excited by the revolution of France, the people of Vienna rose. 

l§-i§. The movement was led by the young students of the university, 

RisS^o/tii ^^^^ rushed into the diet, then in session, and tumultuously de- 

peopie at manded reforms. The military attempted to restrain them, and 

Vienna. \,\qq^ ^^s shed. The burgher-guard joined the people. At first 

reasonable concessions would have quieted them; but Metter- 

nich, who so well understood the baser passions, now stumbled 

in the dark over man's awakened conscientiousness and love of 

liberty ; and when Ferdinand, the reigning emperor, wished to 

cede to the popular demands, he refused. Then arose from the 

(t He fled to thronged streets the resolute cry — "Down with Metternich ;" 

England.) ^^^ j^^ ^^^ forced by the royal family to resign.f 

7. The emperor made eveiy concession demanded ; and as he 
rode forth he was greeted with tears of gratitude. But the peo- 
ple became intoxicated with a sudden liberty, for which they 
were unprepared. Low-bred agitators from abroad, whose object 
was plunder — infidel communists, who wished to destroy not only 
all civil power, but also to abolish property and family order — now 
mingled with the better elements of the revolution. The freed 
press was not only made the vehicle of sedition, but of revenge, 
indecency, and blasphemy. Ferdinand, now, neither free nor 
May 17. safe, fled his capital, and went to Innspruck. But this monarch 
goes to'^^^ was neither a great, a brave, nor even an honest man. He nei- 
innspruck. ^^^ dealt firmly, nor in good faith with the people. The Vien- 
Aug. 8. nese, however, besought his return. He came, but not till after 
toVSnna! ^® ^^^ made a perfidious arrangement with one of his subjects, 
Jellacic, appointed ban of Croatia, against the liberty of Hungary, 
which he had solemnly guaranteed : and by that arrangement, 
he, eventually, brought an army of Croats against his subjects of 
Vienna. 
Tbe^emperor ^' Subsequently, Ferdinand fled from Vienna, with his family, 
flees to to Olmutz ; where he drew around him an able and unscrupulous 
^^ ^' cabinet, at the head of which was prince Swartzenburg. In 
(^Ju"e2 at the name of the emperor, Vienna was now declared in a state of 
meeting of a siegc. From the north, the army of prince Windisgratz, which 
con-rcs^foi- ^^ j^^^ qucllcd an insurrection at Prague,f had met and joined 

lowed, on the . 

14tli, by a 
riot.) 6. Austria. What, in the Austrian bureaucratic system, was wrong, and 

hateful to the people ? Eelate some of the circumstances of the rising of 
the people of Vienna: Of the course of the emperor: Of Metternich. — 
7. What was done after the departure of Metternich ? What is said of 
communists? What, under such influences, was the consequences of the 
freedom of the press ? What was the condition and conduct of Ferdinand ? 
What qualities did he not possess ? What is said of him after he went to 
Innspruck ?— 8. What measure did he take, October 6th ? Who was made 
prime minister ? 



LOMBfciRDIAN REVOLUTION. 



509 



the army of Jellacic, which had been defeated by the Hunga- 
rians ; and it was not until after the terrible destruction of a five 
days' attack and bombardment, that the two armies were able to 
enter the now desolated city. After order was restored, the em- 
peror, still at Olmutz, resigned the imperial crown to his young 
nephew, Francis Joseph, who declared that he willingly "enter- 
ed upon the path of a reformation of the monarchy ;" but he has 
brought Austria back to a state of military despotism.* 

9. Italy. — At the period of the French revolution, some of 
the states of Italy were ripening for revolt ; while others, as Sicily 
had actually revolted. The Papal States were regarded at that 
moment by the liberals with great complacency; cardinal 
Mastat, who had succeeded to the papal chair, under the name of 
Pius IX., having made reforms and introduced modern improve- 
ments. Over each of her two Lombardo-Venetian provinces, 
Austria had placed a viceroy, and a mere shadow of a represen- 
tative government ; while the real power resided in the bureaux 
at the two capitals, Venice and Milan, which were wholly sub- 
ject to that of Metternich at Vienna, and formed on the same 
corrupt model. 

10. In Milan, a duty having been laid on tobacco, a placard 
was posted up, stating that the American revolution began with 
the refusal and destruction of tea when taxed. The Milanese 
proceeded to take and destroy tobacco, wherever they could find 
it. Marshal Radetzky, the Austrian commander, directed 
his soldiers to patrol the streets in squads, smoking cigars. The 
people, attempting to take them away, were fired upon, and a 
bloody fight ensued. Soon came the electrifying news of the 
French and German revolutions, when the Milanese rose and pe- 
titioned for reforms, — which Radetzky refused. Then, to expel 
the Austrians, they barricaded their streets — men with their 
costly carriages, and women with their damask sofas and rose- 
wood pianos; and from the tops of houses they threw down 
bricks and other dangerous missiles upon the heads of the sol- 
diers. Brave and cool, as was the veteran commander, the troops 
could not resist a war from above, below, and on both flanks. 
He withdrew them from the city, but held it in siege. The 

* MetternicTi, who resided a while in England, returned to Vienna, thongh 
not to mingle openly in the affairs of government. Bat the artful double- 
dealing by which Austria has not only kept her threatened empire from 
dismemberment during the present Russo-Turkish war, and has really 
done service to the czar, while pretending friendship to the allies, would 
seem to indicate that Metternich still rules her secret councils from the 
recesses of his sumptuous palace in Vienna. This I saw, October, 1854; 
and was told that he inhabited it; but no one, not even a garrulous French 
guide, seemed willing to say more. E. W. 



Modern Ilis. 



PERIOD X. 

CHAP. H. 



184§. 

Oct. 31. 
Vienna tak'n 

after a 
bloody siege. 

Dec. 2. 
The emperor 

resigns. 



1846. 

June 14, 

Accession of 

Pius IX. 



Bureaucratic 
governments 
under Met- 
ternich. 



1§4§. 

Jan. 3. 

The tobacco 

riots of the 

Milanese. 

On both 

sides, liilled, 

200. 



March 22. 

Kadetzky 

evacuates 

Milan, 



8. What was done in regard to Vienna? "What change of emperors is 
related ? What was the declaration of Francis Joseph, and what his con- 
duct? — 9. Italy. What was the political condition of some of the states of 
Italy, at the opening of the French revolution ? What particularly of the 
two Austrian provinces ? — 10. How began the revolution of Milan ? What 
happened when the French and German revolutions were known? Who 
was Radetzky, and what was done by him? How did the Milanese expel 
the Austrian troops ? 



510 



CHARLES ALBERT AND EAf)ETZKY. 



Modern His, 



PERIOD X 

CHAP. II, 



1§48. 
April 8. 
Chas. Albert 
drives Ea- 
detzky across 
the Mincio. 
May IS to 30, 

takes Pes- 

clicira, and is 

victorious at 

Gaito. 



June 3. 

Eadetzky 

drives the 

Sardinians 

towards 

Milan. 



(tChs. Albert 

relied on a 
corps sent by 
the pope, but 
their general 
played false.) 



Aug. 6. 
Eadetzky 
re-enters 

Milan. 



1§40. 
March 24. 
NOVABA. 

The act of a 
patriot king. 



Milanese made their situation known by sending up small bal- 
loons which scattered handbills in neighboring cities ; and bands 
of soldiers soon gathered to their relief. 

11. Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, wilhng to become the 
head of an Italian confederacy, had justly gained the confidence 
of the liberals, by giving an acceptable constitution to his own 
subjects. He now appeared with an efficient army for the de- 
fence of Milan. Radetzky retired in the direction of Vienna, 
from whence he expected reinforcements. Charles Albert pressed 
upon the rear of the Austrians, and by several victorious encoun- 
ters drove them from the Mincio to the Adige. . . The Austrian 
government, already overwhelmed with difficulties at Vienna, in 
Hungary, and now also in Venice, would, on the 24th of May, 
have made peace with the Lombardians on conditions nearly- 
granting them independence. 

This w^as the culminating point of the success of the revolu- 
tionists throughout Europe. Besides the countries already men- 
tioned, they were in the ascendant in Tuscany^ the grand duke 
having withdrawn, and left the government for a season in their 
hands. In Naples and in Sicily they were in arms, waging a 
bloody and, it then seemed, a successful war against their sover- 
eign, Ferdinand II. 

12. But although the liberals could pull down, they lacked 
leaders, wise to reconstruct, and firm to uphold. Said Lamartine 
— " What is needed is a Eu.ropean Washington." And the peo- 
ple had no conception of that first pi'inciple of a republican gov- 
ernment, that the majority must rule, and the minority must 
submit. Their exhilarating prospects were, therefore, soon over- 
cast. Radetzky received the reinforcements which it had been 
the object of Charles Albert to prevent,! and the fortune of war 
changed. He defeated the Sardinians at Somma Compagna, 
followed them to the gates of Milan, and there entered into an 
agreement with Charles Albert by which the Milanese were left 
to their fate, he returning to Sardinia. Radetzky re-entered 
Milan, but no bloody executions followed ; and the exhausted 
people, now in peace and security, could not but be glad of the 
calm which followed the storm, even though it was gained at 
the expense of liberty. The Austrians soon regained all Lom- 
bardy. 

13. Charles Albert, having recruited his army, again advanced 
— and Radetzky left Milan to meet him. At Novara they fought, 
and the Sardinians lost the battle. The king relinquished his 
crown to his son, Victor Emmanuel, aware that he would obtain 



10. How did the Milanese make their situation known? — 11. What is 
said of Cliarles Albert? What was, till the end of May, the condition of 
the two armies ? {Observe the side-notes.) Wliat, about the last of May, was 
the condition and prospects of Austria ? Of the liberals ? Did they attain 
a higher point of prosperity ? What were then their prospects in Tuscany 
and Naples?— 12. What was lacking on the part of the liberals?^ What 
now were the movements of the two armies? When did the Austrians re- 
occupy Mihm ? What followed ?— 13. What account can you give of the 
battle of Novara? 



ILL TKKATMKNT OF THE POPE. ' 511 

for his country better terms of settlement. . . Radetzky next turn- ^^^^^^" ^i»- 
ed all his forces upon Venice, already besieged by the Austrians period x. 
under gen. haynau ; but they refused to capitulate, although ^^^^^- "• 
the kind old soldier entreated as well as threatened. At the call of '^^"^^^'""^'^ 
their leader, Manin, they not only gave their money, but brought 
to the mint their gold and silver plate. For five months, amidst 
disease and famine and bombardment, the sea-girt city held out. i§49. 
But at length licentiousness within, and force without, subdued Aug. 2S. 
her. Radetzky sutiered the leaders to depart, and foi'gave the J^a^ns^re- 
people ; whose fevered dream of liberty w^as for the time forgotten enter Venice. 
in the abundance and security, Avhich, by the providence of their 
rulers, followed their return to Austrian despotism. 

14. The year 1848 is known as the year oi revolution — that 

of 1849, of reaction. The Sicihans at Palermo.^ who had rejected _ 

a liberal constitution offered them by their king through the ^p^ii 22. 
mediation of British and French officers, were finally subdued by Palermo ta- 
his armies and obliged unconditionally to submit. In Rome, as Jiia/gieriL* 
COUNT Rossi, one of that liberal ministry which the pope had 
appointed in May 1848, was alighting from his carriage to enter 1848^ 
the chamber of deputies, he was fatally stabbed in the neck. Nov. 16. 
The assembly continued its session without notice of the murder, ^S^Eoii"^ 
or effort to secure the assassin. The next day all the ministers 
resigned. A boisterous multitude assembled and demanded the 
pope. He had taken refuge in the palace of the Quirinal, with 
none near, to pity or support him, but his body-guard of 100 Nov. IT. 
Swiss, and the foreign ministers. From his window he saw his E^om& 
owm troops join the rioters, and advance with them upon the 
palace. They fired, and killed some of his servants. The pope 
then submitted ; but eight days afterwards he escaped from Y^u'o?b\e 
Rome, in the disguise of a servant of the Bavarian minister, — by ''pope, 
whose aid he was conveyed to Gaeta in Naples. 

15. From thence he issued his manifesto, repudiating all for- Dec. 25. _ 
mer concessions ; and, as in Rome the liberals proceeded to elect *^^festo!^^* 
a constitutional assembly, which declared the abolition of the 

pope's temporal power and the estabhshment of a republic, he 
followed these proclamations, one by one, with his jDublished ana- 
themas. The catholic nations protested. Even dormant Spain 
aroused, and proposed an armed, intervention ; and an Austrian 
force under Gen. Haynau entered the Papal States on the north. A republic at 
An executive triumvirate was now at the head of the Roman °™^" 
republic, the first man of whom was Mazzini, who was not im- 
plicated in the riots of April ; but he and his copatriots glowed 
with the true Roman love of liberty. Suddenly Gen. Oudinot, 
sent by republican France, appeared and landed wdth 6,000 men 



13. Of the change of sovereigns in Sardinia? How did Eadetzky now 
employ his forces? Give some account of the siege of Venice. — 14. What 
is said of two consecutive years ? What was done at Palermo ? At Kome, 
in reference to count Rossi? What was the condition and conduct of the 
pope? Give some account of his flight. — 15. What course did he pursue 
at Gaeta ? What was the feeling of the catholic nations ? What was the 
condition of things at Rome ? What is said of Mazzini ? 



512 NOBLE CONDUCT OF THE HUNGAEIANS. 

Modern His, ^t Civita Vecchia. Mazzini and the Romans were not so delnd- 
PEEIOD X. ed by his smooth offers of protection, as to admit him into Rome ; 

CHAP. iL jjQj, ^{^ ^Qj \yj gjjy discourtesy give the French cause for a 
^""^'"'"^^^ quaiTel. They offered them the choice of an encampment any- 

'^?^^' where except in Rome. But they insisted on entering the city 
The French — which, after twenty days of cruel bombardment, and the de- 
enter Home, struction of 400 of its brave defenders, they accomphshed. Th^y 
then aided to destroy the repubhc, and next to persecute to 

A^nis ^^^^^ ^^^ banishment the leading repubhcans; and on the re- 
Poprreturns turn of the popc, in the spring of 1850, they assisted to re-estab- 

to Kome. jigj^ j^^g authority. 

16. Hungary. — Hungary, including Sclavonia and Croatia, 
although under the same hereditary sovereign as Austria, was a 
distinct kingdom, with its own diet of two houses — the upper of 
hereditary lords, and the lower, elected, not by the serfs, but by 
the titled gentry, the clergy, the widows of magnates, and the 
enfranchised cities. Hungary was peopled by different races, 
"^^^of^r^*^ The upper class glory in the name of Magyars — that of the tribe 
Magyars, who, in 1300, emigrated from the east and founded Hungary. 
The Magyars are a chivalric race, highly endowed, brave, earn- 
est, and courteous. Proudly jealous of their distinct nationality, 
1S25 ^^^y ^^^ opposed the insidious advances of Metternich's policy, 
Austrian en- tending to establish over them the entire Austrian bureaucratic 
^Tesht'TI!^*^ system of secret police. In 1825 they so met the subject in their 
Diet, that the Austrian power dared no longer openly to appear, 
1»47. i^y^. ^ygg g^iii secretly at work. At the close of 184'7, the diet of 

Preparation . . •' . . . ' 

for resistance uobles, preparatory to an avowed opposition, passed a generous 

r+Th ^^p'^i voluntary law, to divest themselves of hereditary right to the 

tiiey said, by labor of the peasants, thus insuring their grateful service.f The 

thdr^serfs^ clcrgy at the same time relinquished their tithes. No indemnity 

found them was Specified, but the legislature left this to the future, declaring 

enemies.) ^ ^j^^^ ^^ ^^^ under the broad shield of the national honor."* 

1§48. IV. The nation's grievances were being eloquently set forth by 

^quence in' I^^uis KossuTH in the Diet, whcrc was pending the question of 

the diet of carrying them before the Austrian government and asking for 

res urg. p^(jj.ggg^ when Hungary was electrified with the news of the 

French and German revolutions. At once the Diet sent to the 

Hungarian cmpcror, at Vienna, an imposing deputation of one hundred and 

to^Vienn^ fifty of its members, headed by Kossuth. They reached Vienna 

at the opportune moment, when Ferdinand was granting to his 

own people all their demands ; and reluctantly he conceded also 

* NoAvhere were the serfs more abject than in Hungary. The great land- 
holders had, at first, the power of life and death; afterwards, a noble, who 
killed a serf, was fined forty florins. 



15. What is said of the invasion and occupancy of Eome by the French ? 
— 16. Hungary. What is said of the nationality of Hungary ? How was 
its Diet composed ? Who were the Magyars ? What were their views and 
their policy in regard to the Austrian "system? What tlie magnanimous 
conduct of the nobles and clergy in regard to the serfs ? — 17. What was 
the state of things when the laews reached Hungary of the French and 
German revolutions ? What was done by the Diet ? 




IMPERIAL FRAUD. 513 

those of Ins Hungarian subjects, appoiuting them a ministry of ^^^^^^ ^^- 
Hberals, under count Louis Batthyani. Returning with the period x. 
joyful news to Presbui-g, the Diet arranged a free government, *^"^^* "• 
their executive of course being the emperor, — who now gratified 
the affectionate Hungarians by coming to Presburg, and in per- 
son confirming his former concessions, and with seeming cordial- 
ity approving their hberal system. This was the happy hour of ^omSS*^ 
Hungary— so short that it coukl scarcely be called a day. But 
Hungary fell "without a crime." Her brief liberty came not to its'the agent 
a people wholly unprepared ; nor were they chargeable either t>y whom 
■with the excesses of socialistic anarchy, or with the reproach that was^secretiy 
though they had the strength to pull down, they had not the ^®5*^*^|ee^* 
wisdom to reconstruct. Hungary was the victim of imperial stiles' Hist, 
fraudf and foreign force. of Austria.) 

18. Those wdio had learned statecraft in the schoolf of Met- (t Literally, 
ternich w^ere carrying out his favorite maxim, " divide and con- ^"e^xis^ted in." 
quer." The Hungarians had, in attempting to make the Magyar "^^^^^^^th" 
language the common tongue of all the Hungarian kingdom, knaveries of 
unwittingly offended the Croats and Sclavonians, who formed a ^^pioSfa^y^' 
part of the Hungarian kingdom. Emissaries from Austiia fanned "^vere taught 
their discontents, and an elegant and popular young demagogue men destined 
of the Croats, Jellacic,* a former protege of the emperor, was, ^^ t^® trade.) 
without the consent of the Hungarians, and therefore illegally, 
made by him, ban or lord of Croatia. He took means to raise a j^^^ j^ 
revolt. The emperor, to delude the Hungarians, publicly de- Emperor 
nounced him as a traitor, and deprived him of his command ; jeUacicr 
while privately, he received him in his palace at Innspruck. Prep- 
arations to attack the deceived Hungarians went on vigorously in 
Croatia and Sclavonia. Kossuth, how^ever, foresaw the danger ; 
and moved by him, the Diet raised 200,000 men, pledging the 
credit of the state for means to support them. By the 4th of Sep- jeScic^ 
tember, Jeliacic appeared on the borders of Hungary with a large arms. 
army. The court of Vienna then threw off" the mask, and the 
emperor publicly proclaimed him reinstated in his office, and n^^^l'-P' . 
sent from Vienna count Lamberg to take command of the Hun- bergmurder- 
garian forces. He was murdered by the mob at Buda. The mobafBuda. 
whole kingdom was then declared to be in a state of siege, and 
Jeliacic appointed royal commander over Hungary. The Hun- 
garians met and defeated him, and he fled in the night to Vienna. 
Attempts which were then made to send troops to aid the defeat- 
ed army in their march to Vienna, caused the bloody riot which ^J*^ ^• 
occurred in that city on the 6th of October — the enraged stu- Vienna. 

* More frequently spelled Jellackich^ but quite unpronounceable to an. 
unpractised English, tongue. J has the sound of Y. 

17. What was accomplished by the deputation? Subsequently by the 
Diet ? And after that by the emperor? What was then the state of Hun- 
gary ? What can you say of the reverses of Hungary ? — 18. AVhat appears 
to have been the first unfortunate step of the Hungarians ? What is said of 
Jeliacic ? What was the conduct of the emperor respecting him ? What 
was done in the Diet of Hungary? What at the court of Vienna? What 
is said of count Lamberg ? What followed his murder ? 

65 



inv 

gary 



514: KUSSIAN FOECE. 

Modern Els. (^jents and liberals being determined that no troops should depart 
PERIOD X. for that purpose. The violence of that day led to the flight of 

CHAP, II. ^jjQ emperor to Olmutz ; and probably it was the web of duplicity 
""^■""Y ' in which he had thus involved himself, that led to his abdication. 

1849. i9_ As soon as Vienna was subjected by the combined armies 
were vfff-^ of Windisgratz and Jellacic, both generals w^ere sent to reduce 
^^'^^i'ilir^ Hungary. Count Batthyani resigned, and Kossuth w^as invested 

Miskoies; with dictatorial powers. Efforts almost superhuman were now 

nea/*?es% • ^^^^^^ by all the Hungarians, frojn the highest magnate to the 

and April 20, lowest peasant ; and after discouraging defeats, their generals, 

Dembinski, Bem, and Gorgey, led them to repeated victories. 

June andju- Austria, of herself, was defeated. But by the treaties of the holy 

ly, three Eus- ,,. -r» • i i i i • • ^ 

sian armies alhancc, Kussia was pledged to an armed mtervention, whenever 
Hun- Austria called for aid against her subjects. The call was made, 
Aug.' 9. and the czar sent 130,000 troops, which invaded Hungary in 
^^iW' ^^^"^® divisions, and from opposite quarters. Already impover- 
Finai defeat ished and desolatcd, the Hungarians could not wn'thstand them. 
y^sundCT* Their last army of 30,000 men, under Gorgey, was by him surren- 
Bera and dcred, August 13th, 1849, to the Russians; and despotism, with 
Au'' 13 added cruelty, was re-established. The resistance of the patriots 
Surrender of was made their crime. Count Batthyani was shot, and many 
y^r 'army'^by Others perished.f Kossuth, with a few friends, fled to Turkey, 
Gorgey. where he was magnanimously protected by the sultan, though 
Mu Dre^dJs' ^^^manded by the czar. The government of the American re- 
over the public, aided by England, negotiated his release, and he was 
"uSoST t>rought to New York. 

20. Denmark. — On account of the revolutionary spirit of Eu- 
rope, Christian VHI., king of Denmark, became involved in a 
war with the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein — the former 
being the southern province of the peninsula of Jutland, and the 
1 s J.S latter lying on its southern frontier. The liberals in these neigh- 
March 24. boiing duchies held a meeting at Kiel, where, after resolving 
l^ibei-^? r^*^ ^^^^ ^^^y would no longer acknowledge the paramount authority 
of the Diet of Denmark, they proclaimed a provisional govern- 
ment, and also their intention to become ultimately a state of the 
German confederation about to be instituted. The Danish king 
held Holstein by a looser tie, and did not object to its joining 
the Germanic body, but Sleswick was an integral part of his he- 
reditary dominions, and he would not rehnquish it. The people 
of the duchies, however, were determined not to be separated, 
but together to have a free government. Christian was warmly 
seconded by the Danes of the north, and a ruinous war ensued. 

18. What was the cause of the riot of October 6th at Vienna? To what 
did it lead ? — 19. "What occurred after Vienna was subjected ? What was 
done in Hungary? Who were the Hungarian generals? During what 
months were the Magyars victorious? {Observe the side-notes.) In what 
months did the Russian armies invade Hungary? What was the conse- 
quence? When and where were the Magyars finally defeated? What 
army was surrendered, and by whom? What became of Kossuth? — 
20. Denmarh. Give some account of the Danish war of Sleswick Holstein. 
What part was acted by Prussia ? What was the consequence I What has 
occurred in Denmark since the war ? 



THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE EAST. 615 

Prussia here played a double game, pretend iuGf for a time to ^^^"^^^"^ ^'^^- 
favor the liberals by sending tlieni troops to fight against Den- period x. 
mark, while secretly she was plotting on the other side, Van ^^^-^-^'-^i- 
Wrangel, her ablest general, commanding the Danish armies. "■"" * ~^ 
At length Prussia openly united with Austria against the duch- j * jg 
ies, and they were forced to submit. At first a constitution was (A iunda- 
granted, but the government of Denmark has since that period ^ockimod) 
made itself absolute. 



CHAPTER m. 

Great Britain and her Dependencies. 



1839. 

Afjfhanistan 



1848. 



1. India. — The East India Company still have the monopoly 
of the trade and government of India, yet not exclusively ; for 
parliament appoints a joint power called " The Board of Con- 
troV Whenever the native chiefs rise against their authority, 
they send forth British troops, conquer tliem, and annex their 
territories. Thus, in 1839, Cahd and GMznee Avere taken, the __ 
chieftain Dost Mahomed was subdued; when all Afghanistan subdued 
was annexed. In another war with Moolraj, a native chief, 
Lieut. Edwards obtained a victory, and Mooltan was taken. "^EeiT 
Lord Gough was afterwards victorious at Goojerat, when the ^^f^^' 
whole of the Punjauh was annexed. In this manner, the entire British forces 
peninsula of Hindostan has now fallen under British control. . . ^*^'0^o. 
In BuRMAH, Prome was taken, in November, 1852. The follow- 1853, 
ing year, Mea-Toon, a chieftain of Ava^ was vanquished, by Sir ^^^^^^' 
John Cheape, and the king was obliged to cede to Great Britain Mea-Toon 
the free navigation of the Irawaddy. defeate . 

2. At the Cape of Good Hope^ the fierce and wnly Kaffirs, 
under their valiant chief Sandilli, made a war of extermination 

upon the English settlers. In 1853, after a series of bloody con- 1850-51 
flicts, Sandilli confessed that he had " no more strength." He £dim^on- 
submitted to Gen. Cathcart, who sent him, with the Kaffirs, quered. 
200 miles north from their country, annexing that to the British 
crown Great Britain has long been in the practice of export- 
ing her convicts to her distant colonies ; but the inhabitants of 
the Cape of Good Hope refused, on the arrival of a convict ship, 
to receive the criminals. Parliament wisely decided that their 
objections were valid ; and thenceforward determined to send no 

Chap. III. — 1. India. What is said of the East India Company? What 
is done when the native chiefs rise against Britisli authority? What ex- 
ample of this occurred in 1839? What is the next example mentioned? 
Wliat war was it, in whicli Lieut. Edwards figured? Where was Lord 
Gough victorious, and what was the consequence of this war? — of all these 
wars together? What was done in Burmah ? — 2. Describe the war made 
upon the English colony at the Cape of Good Hope. What did the colo- 
nists refuse ? What course did parliament take ? 



516 



GOLD m ATJSTKALIA. 



Modern Bis. 



PERIOD X. 

CHAP. IIL 



1752. 

(tDiscovered 
by Tasman. 

1577. 

Visited by 
Cook.) 



1674. 

(tDiscovered 
by Dampier 
in behalf of 
tbe English. 

1770. 

Visited by 
Cook.) 

17§1. 
Settled by 
convicts. 

1S51. 

(tPopnlat'n, 
322,000.) 

1§3§. 
Mrs. Chis- 
liolm brings 
over wives 
for the Aus- 
tralians. 



l§52-54 

Treaties with 
the XJ. States. 
(Lord Elgin, 
tbe govern'r- 
general, in- 
strumental 
in obtaining 
them from 
England.) 



more convicts to colonies whose inhabitants were unwilling to 
receive them. 

3. New Zealand,! where, in 1815, the first missionaries found 
savage cannibals, was, in 1853, colonized by Britons from Aus- 
tralia, and is now a flourishing province. The natives are fast 
becoming civihzed and Christianized. . .* Hong Kong, the small 
island ceded by China, after the opium war, is a place of great 
importance ; as it gives the British a footing in that most popu- 
lous and fertile of all countries. 

4. In Australia,! Britain owns a continent; but it is a region 
naturally sterile ; — without the inlets of bays, or the outlets of 
large rivers. The first colony was made, 17 8*7, at Botany Bay, 
now Sydney, by convicts transported from England. Although 
the British held the land low, and invited settlers ; yet neither 
the character of the first colonists, nor the face of the country, 
was inviting. In 1853, Edward Hargraves made the discov- 
ery of gold, which was found, as in California, in great abund- 
ance. Settlers came, as the news spread, from every part of the 
world ; and new cities sprung up, especially in the southeastern 
partf In 1853, the Murray river was navigated by steam. But, 
as the new settlers were almost all young men, no family ties 
could be formed. Mrs. Chisholm, an English woman of ability 
and benevolence, returned from Australia to England, collected 
the means, and brought over from Britain to Australia virtuous 
young women ; who found employment, or became, at their op- 
tion, wives to the colonists. 

5. Canada, and the British Provinces in JiToRTH America, 
have increased ^ in numbers and wealth. They have shared in 
the emigration from Europe ; and, partaking of the progressive 
spirit of the age,, they have connected by railroad and telegraph 
their own principal cities, and have also reached important points 
in the United States. The British government have shown a 
laudable desire to promote their prosperity. They have lately 
ratified treaties with the American Republic, by one of which the 
vexed question of the fisheries on the coast has been settled ; and 
by another, called the Reciprocity Treaty, made June 5th, 1854, 
reciprocal trade has been established. 

6. Jamaica and Guiana have, since the abolition of slavery, 
given parliament much perplexity. The blacks, naturally indo- 
lent and improvident. La * u refused to labor even for generous 

and, since idleness is the parent of vice, they have in too 



many cases retrograded into barbarism. Meanwhile, the once 

* The author has lately conversed witli a Mr. Erown, an intelligent Scotch 
resident of New Zealand, who, in 1854, visited England and America in 
part to find the best systems for schools. 



3. What is here said oi Neio Zealand? — 4. What of Australia, previous 
to the discovery of gold ? By whom was that discovery made ? When ? 
What wag the consequence ? What service to the colony was rendered by 
Mrs. Chisholm 1 — 5. What may be said of the British provinces in North 
America? By what treaties has the British government sought to promote 
their prosperity? — 6. What is said of Jamaica and Guiana? 



517 

valuable estates of the planters having failed for want of hands to Modem m^. 
work them, have become of little or no value. The repeal of the period x. 
"corn laws," in 1846, operated ngainst these colonies, and in- ^"^^- "^• 
creased their distress ; while the repeal of the " navigation laws," ' "^ "^ 
in 1849, ga;'^ them some relief.* Com w?;e- 

7. In April, 1848, when all Central and Southern Europe was peaied. 
shaken by the French revolution, there wei'e in London rumors ^^. .' 
of an extensive rising of the disaffected, here called "chartists." lawrfeVJed. 
But the great majoiity of the people, knowing that there was no (^xhe chart- 
adequate cause for rebellion, cheerfully aided the government; jh^^rm^aderf 
which, being fully awake, and on the alei't, so completely and ciicuiousbya 
easily frustrated an attempt made on the 10th of April, that its to'paiHament, 
leaders became the subjects of contempt and lidicule.f . . . But aminati'o°n!ito 
Ireland had, as we have seen, her own subjects of complaint. ^leSa- 
Her potato-crop, the bread of her people, had failed ; and while oSnetoTds 
many were dying by famine, others were ripe for deeds of des- "^nam^s.T 
peration. The " Irish Association," with Smith O'Brien, a mem- 
ber of parliament, at its head, and with other men of abilities as ^**sJ' 
leaders, assumed for a time a threatening appearance. With but O'Brien, 
slight resistance, however, their ill-appointed forces were scattered : ^nd Mftcheii 
their leaders were taken, tried, and transported to Australia*. sent to Aus- 

8. In 1851, parliament was occupied in repelling the advances two^ast es- 
made in Britain by the Roman church ; there directed by the America 
genius and ambition of Nicholas Wiseman,| who had been 

made by the pope, archbishop of Westminster. "The Ecclesias- naiwTseman.) 
tical Titles bill" was passed in 1851, to prevent titles being given -■ c«r * 
by a foreign potentate to British subjects. tj^^ Ecciesi- 

9. In 1850, Prince Albert, the royal consort, as president of a^^icai^ ^Titles 
" The Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce,"! brought 
forward a project, which, meeting with public favor, the queen 1850. 
issued a commission providing for " An Exhibition of the Works prScV 
of Industry of all Nations ;" which, accordingly, was opened in Albert. 

* The "corn laws," enacted in 1815, by imposing heavy duties on for- 
eign breadstuffs, had fiivored the great landed proprietors of England and 
her dependencies, by keeping up the price of bread, thus oppressing man- -i /^k-i 
ufacturers, merchants, and the poor. The '' navigation laws," perfected by „ .^ .' 
Cromwell, were made to favor the mother-country, by sacrificing the pros- law^Tmadeby 
perity of the colonies — they being prohibited from being the carriers of cromwell. 
their own produce. 

t The same society opened an educational ExniBmoN at St. Martin's Hall, 1854. 
in London, on the 10th of July, 1854. Although considerable was done July 10. 
to collect the various educational improvements of different nations, and to Educational 
make each acq^uainted with the modes and facilities of the others ; still there exhibition 
was not in it the same life and animation as in similar, though smaller edu- opened at 
cational conventions in the United States. The people in London were London. 
much occupied with the war. Among foreign delegates, Mr. Barnard, 
from Connecticut, and Mr. Seljestrom, from Sweden, were the most dis- 
tinguished. The author speaks from personal observation. 

6. What effect upon them had the repeal of the " corn laws?" — of the 
" navigation laws ?" Give some account of these laws. {See note.) — 7. Who 
were the chartists, and what happened to them ? What was the condition of 
Ireland ? What is said of the Irish Association ? What happened to their 
forces ? — to their leaders ? — 8. What occupied the British parliament in 
1851? — 9. Who brought forward the project of the World's Fair?— and 
what was the first step towards executing it ? What is said of the educa- 
tional exhibition ? {See note.) 



518 



Modem ms. London, May 1st, 1851. A million of articles, splendid or rare, 
PERIOD X. elegant or useful, were sent, from every part of the civilized 
CHAP. IT. ^yQy\^^ ^f hey wei-e received by the commissioners, and systemat- 
^■■""^~^^' ' ically and beautifully arranged in a vast and dazzling structure 
Th ^^*t's ^^^*^^^^ ^^ Hyde Park, of glass set in iron, and called ''The Crys- 
pieceofthis tal Palacc." Such a " World's Fair" had never existed before. 
o?iVinai*of ^^oved by steam, neither oceans, nor continents, now bar the way 
the "Temple of multitudes, wlio may wish to meet their antipodes. Assem- 
whic™a'jury bled at the Crystal Palace, each learned what were the produc- 
b[tioD*awa?d- ^^^'^^^ ^^ manufactures, and the improvements of others ; and 
ed a medal— what commei'ce might be best established. It was the World's 

eS'^^TheJu- INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL CoNGRESS, forcshadowing a Po- 

rieswereof LiTiCAL CoNGREss of all civilizcd iiations, which shall usher in 

men of differ- ,11 /« tt • i t-» 

ent nations, the dawn 01 Universal Peace. 



CHAPTER IV. 

The Eusso-Turkish War. 



1 . Europe, after a peace of thirty-eight years, became again 
involved in war. Its cause was the just dread, which England 
and France felt from the increasing power and encroaching spirit 
of Russia. Since Peter the Great, there seems perpetuated in 
that mighty empire, as in ancient Rome, an intent to rule the 
world ; and Constantinople is, in this case, the anticipated capital. 
Vast ambi- Russia has been constantly spreading herself in every possible 
Eussia. direction ; and within the last seventy years, has doubled her 
territory ; and she has fortified in the strongest manner her ex- 
Devotion of posed points, such as Sebastopol, the stronghold of her naval 
sOTereignsTo power in the Black Sea. The ambition of the Russian sovereign 
the Russian scems not for himself, but for his country, — and it takes in all 
^^^' future time ; and hence his strategy in treaty-making, and in 
obtaining indirect advantages, which at some future day will be 
available, is to be dreaded, as much as his great force in war. 
Events have shown, that in the scheme of the Holy Alliance, 
while Austria was made to do the unpopular work among the 
nations, Russia was establishing a kind of protectorate ; — which 
the czar Nicholas, after he had aided Austria against Hungary, 
openly assumed in his diplomacy with England.* In this, he 
manifested that it was his design to overthrow Turkey and take 

*See the disclosures of Sir George Seymour, the British ambassador. 
Nicholas — speaking of Turkey " as a sick man," just ready to die — said: 

8. What was the mnnber of articles exhibited, and their arrangement? 
Where were these articles placed? Of what use was it that people should 
thus meet from ojiposite parts of the earth? What other Congress does 
this Industrial Congress of nations foreshadow? 

Chap. IV.— 1. What was the cause of the Rnsso-Turkish war ? In what 
respect is Russia compared to ancient Rome? What city does she intend 
to make the capital of her empire? What has Russia been doing? Of 
■what kind seems the ambition of the Russian sovereigns? In what re- 
spect are they to be dreaded? What was effected by the Holy Alliance ? 



POLICY OF RUSSIA. 519 

Constantinople, and tliat England was the only power which he ^^^'^^>">^ ^^j^- 
felt it necessary to consult ; and her, he endeavored to propitiate rEiiiOD x. 
by ottering, as her share of the s])oil, Egypt and Candia. But ^"^^'■^'^^ 
England (and France also) believed that it Russia was allowed to '^T ~' ' 
establish herself upon the waters of the Mediterranean, she could atstjiefemv, 
no longer be resisted ; and if they did not intend that Europe J^'Jjf ^f^^^ 
should "become Cossack,"f they must take an immediate stand, years Europe 

2. But here was a most embarrassing point. The government either repub- 
of Turkey, with its three millions of Mahometans — entering by li^an or cos- 
violence, remains but as an excrescence upon the body of Chris- 
tian Eui'ope. Twelve millions of the sultan's subjects are Chris- 
tians of the Greek church, which is also the religion of Russia; anceofthe 
and scorned by the Turks as '■'■ giours''' and "Christian <logs," ^^^J][^*^5|Ji\ 
they have sutiered a persecution of four centuries. Although Turkey. 
the present sultan has ameliorated their condition, still the super- Their perse- 
stitious prejudices of the Turks* are beyond his control. If a 
Moslem becomes a Christian, the Turks put him to death. To 

this day, no Christian in Turkey is permitted to testify in a court 
of justice. Nicholas knew that these wrongs were abhorrent to Nicholas as- 
Christians everywhere, particularly to those of the Greek church ; sumcs the 
and thus he could give to his aggressions against Turkey, espe- Sctor ofthe 
cially in the eyes of his own subiects, the o'lory of efforts for the pei-secuted 

f "L p -, A 1 ^1 • • 1 1 • 1 • • 1 Christians. 

reliet ot the Greek Christians ; — and to his ambitious march to- 
wards a universal empire whose seat should be Constantinople, 
the air of a crusade agJiinst the enemies of Christianity.^ 

3. The Russian scheme of aggression upon Turkey begun by Catharine 
Peter the Great, was efiectually continued by Catharine II. She, carried the 
by the treaty of Kainardji, 1774, not only carried the Russian ' to the 
line to the Bog, but involved the Porte in an engagement to pro- ■?„ i|i2^' 
tect the Greek Christians, — not, however, making the Russian Alexander 
sovereign, the arbiter. Yet Nicholas led the way to the present the pruth!) 
war, by claiming, under this treaty, such a protectorate over the 

Greek Christians in Turkey, as would in effect depose the sultan, 

" All I want is a good understanding with England. We, having entire 
confidence in one another's views, 1 care nothing for the rest." " Your 
Majesty," said Sir George, "has forgotten Austria." " O, you must un- 
derstand," said the crar, "that when I speak of Austria, I speak of Kussia 
as well. What suits the one suits the other." Austria received, when 
this conversation was made public, just cause of offence. f+ Lately in 

* We might suppose that this was the real spring of the conduct of the the exchange 
czar, bat that liis policy is shown in other directions. In southwestern , of prisoners, 
Asia, he has encroached upon Persia; in the mountainous regions between ^'/ggtored'to^ 
the Black and Caspian Seas, he, in 1798, conquered Georgia"; and he has Sciiamyl,— 
ever since made war to seize Circassia, but for twenty years, has there been well educaved, 
held at bay^ by SCHAMYL,t a native hero. In a direction approaching jfis^ionfS'a 
the shore of A'nierica, Nicholas has lately acquired the great valley of the in infancy.) 
Amour or Saghalien Eiver. 

1. How, after Nicholas had aided against Hungary, did he speak of 
Austria? {See note.) What was the belief of England and France? — 
*i. What embarrassing point was there in the case? What difference is 
there in the n amber of Mahometans and Greek Christians in European 
Turkey ? What is said of the efforts of the present sultan to anieliorate the 
condition of the Cliristians? What advantage did these wrongs of the 
Christians put into the hands of Nicholas ?— 2. Why do we suppose that 
the real object of Nichola.s was other than his ostensible? {See ri^te.) — 
3. What is said of Peter the Great ? — of Catharine 11. ? 



520 



AGGRESSIONS OF RUSSIA. 



Modern His. 



PERIOD X, 

CHAP. IV. 



1851. 

Quarrel 

about the 

Holy Places. 



The czar first 
asserts the 
protectorate. 

1853. 

April 19. 

Note of 

prince Men- 

chikoff. 



(t Moldavia 
and Walla- 
chia invad- 
ed.) 



Vienna note. 
(Containing 
four points.) 

Oct. 22. 
Nicholas 
goes to 01- 
mutz (osten- 
sibly to con- 
gratulate the 
emperor 
Francis Jo- 
seph on his 
marriage). 

OLTENIT- 

ZA. 

Kalafat. 



by giving to tlie czar the allegiance of four-fifths of his subjects. 
In 1827, at the piece of Adrianople, Nicholas acquired a claim 
to interfere in the affairs of Turkey through Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia, which are called the Principalities. 

4. The occasion chosen by the czar to push forward his claims, 
was that of a dispute which arose between the ecclesiastics of 
the Greek and Koman church concerning the custody of certain 
shrines in Palestine, called "the Holy Places." The quarrel 
grew fierce, and the Porte, decide as it might, could not satisfy 
parties who each claimed the same thing. La Valette, the 
minister of Louis Napoleon, took with violence the part of the 
Latin against the Greek Christians. The czar affecting to believe 
that in this case the latter were wronged, sent to Constantinople 
PRINCE Menchikoff, who at first arrogantly intruded himself 
into the presence of the sovereign, refusing to treat with the 
vizier, — and afterwards sent him a note, in which the astounding 
demand of the protectorate was for the first time put forth. It 
was mingled up with small matters concerning the Holy Places, 
— which, however, the British minister (the French emperor con- 
senting) had already brought to a satisfactory arrangement. 
|The sultan of course rejected the protectorate. Prince Menchi- 
jkoff" departed; and the czar having an army of 79,000 pre- 
pared for the occasion, immediately invaded the Principalities.f 
The Turks justly regarded this as a measure of hostility. Eng- 
land, France, Austria, and Prussia, anxious that peace should be 
preserved, held by their delegates, a congress at Vienna. 

5. By this congress, the "Vienna note" was drawn up, con- 
taining a plan of compromise for the two parties. The czar, 
taking advantage of an equivocal expression, said to be a diplo- 
matic blunder,* by which the note, as he chose to understand it, 
granted him the protectorate, at once signified his willingness to 
accept its conditions. The Ottoman porte rejected the note, and 
on the 5th of October declared war. On the 14th, the com- 
bined fleets of the English and French which had been lying at 
Besika Bay, at the request of the sultan entered the Dardanelles. 
A week afterwards, the emperors of Eussia and Austria met at 
Olmutz. The Turkish armies advanced, and entered the princi- 
palities. Crossing the Danube in four different places, Omer 
Pacha, the commander, defeated the Eussians at Oltenitza, and 

* But was it a diplomatic blunder ? Was it not rather an equivoque con- 
trived by some Metternich (perhaps the veritable man), and designed for 
the purpose which it served— to outwit the allies, and afford the czar the 
means to put himself in the right, and his opponents in the wrong? In 
his declaration of war against Turkey, his desire, he said, was for peace, 
while others forced him into war. 



3. What connection had the treaty of Kainardji with the present war? 
What is said of a treaty made in 1827 ? — 4. What occasion was chosen by 
the czar ? What personage did he send to Constantinople, and what was 
done by him? What followed the rejection of the protectorate? What 
nations sent delegates to Vienna, and for what purpose ? — 5. What is said 
of the " Vienna note," and its reception by the parties concerned ? When 
did Turkey declare war? What was done at the sultan's request? What 
happened a week afterwards ? 



WAR ON THE DANUBE. 521 

obtained advantages over them at Kalafat and other places. But ^f^^''-^'n ma. 
the Russian fleet in the Black Sea, commanded by admiral pekiod x. 
Nasiiimoff, attacked the Turkish squadron at Sinope on tlic ^"'^^'' '^'• 
27th of November ; and after a terrible battle destroyed the ^ r-^—^ 
whole Turkish armament^ consisting of seven frigates, two war iiussian vTc- 
steamers, and three corvettes. kiT'd 4^0' 

6. France and England, November 11th 1853, entered into a ,j^'r« 
treaty of alliance to guarantee the integrity of Turkey ; and in nov'^ii! 
March, 1854, they declared war against Russia. The other Eu- Alliiincc- 
ropean nations at first took, the ground of neutrality... An between 
English fleet, which, under admiral Napier, was sent to the Bal- England 
tic, captured, August 16th, the sti'ong fortress oi Bomarsund^ and & France. 
soon afterwards the island oi Aland. But the czar's principal 5 §54 
fortresses in the Baltic were found impregnable. . . England and March 21. 
France next determined to attempt the destruction of the Russian cSs w^r" 
naval power in the Black Sea, by taking Sehasto2:>ol, On the ^^^ on the 
14th of September, 58,000 of their troops, the greater part land"^" 
French, were landed at Eupatoria. Advancing upon Sebastopol, Sept. 14. 
the English under lord Raglan, and the French under mar- ""^^patoria^^" 
SHAL St. Arnaud, they met a large Russian army, and defeated g^ ^ 20. 
it, in a bloody battle fouo-ht by the river Alma. The aUied ar- alma. 
mies were from time to time reinforced. wT 1,612. ' 

7. The Austrians meantime, under color of neutrality, sent ^''- ^^^^^' 

•* "W". 1 087. 

their armies to hold the principalities, — pretending that other- Eussian loss, 
wise there would be a rising in favor of Russia among the Greek ^- g'^gj ^• 
Christians. Thus they liberated the Russian forces, who had 
been vainly besieging Silistria; and who in a victorious sortie Eussians 
had been driven from that city by the Turks. These, with <ii;i?'«° f™m 
other Russian armies went to the Crimea, to reinforce the gar- ^^jr^.' 
rison at Sebastopol, to which the czar was constantly sending klava. 
men and munitions. At BalaUava was a severe engagement, ^Brkfsh^cav- 
in which the British cavalry won much fame, but suffered fearful airy in the 
loss. At Inkermann the allies wxn-e attacked by the whole garri- ^j^'j^^p^, ' 
son of 60,000 ; but after a bloody battle, with heavy loss on both 3Tank 
sides, the Russians retreated to the defences of the city. These ^tatSes^hf 
were so strengthened by Russian w^orks daily going on, that al- allies have 
though the allies have been making counter batteries, and keep- victory, tut 
ing up a fearful bombardment, Sebastopol becomes more and ^^^^^^2^1^,^') 
more difficult to take. The allies have not been able completely 
to invest it, or hinder the garrison from receiving constant 
supplies. 

8. So severely did the armies of the allies, especially the 
Enghsh, suffer, during the winter of 1854-5, from sickness, 

5. Who commanded the Turkish army? What advantages did he gain? 
Who was the Eussian admiral in tlie Black Sea, and what great victory did 
he gain? — 6. What nations, who have often been foes, now became allies? 
For what object? When did they declare war? Where was the British 
fleet sent, and what did it accomplish? What was determined on by the 
allies? What was the number sent, and where did they land ? Give an 
account of the battle of Alma, {See note.) — 7. What was now done by the 
Austrians? What is said concerning Silistria? Balaklava ? Inkermann? 

hat was the couditiou of Sebastopol ? 



522 



WAR IN THE CRIMEA. 



Modern Ris. 



PERIOD X. 

CHAP. IV. 



(+Miss N. 
once, with a 
party of at- 

tentiants, 
took them 
by force, at 
the hospital 
in Scutari.) 



1§55. 

February. 

Sardinia 
joins the 

alliance. 

1§54. 

Dec. 2. 

Treaty of 
Vienna. 



(tThis was 
penned the 
day before 
bearing of 
the czar's 
death.) 



1§55. 

March 2. 

Death of the 

czar. 



April, 1855. 



hunger, and imlioused exposure to the severity of the cHmate, 
that far round the camp, the frozen ground was covered with the 
unburied corpses of men, and the dead bodies of horses. The 
heart of England — grieved for the sufferings of her brave sons, 
was indignant, that the comforts, which women as well as men, 
had hasted to send them, were by bad management scantily re- 
ceived. Florence Nightingale, an English lady of fank, who 
went voluntarily to nurse the wounded and the dying, was often 
unable to procure the needed stores. . .f Parliament was about to 
call the ministry — at the head of which was lord Aberdeen — to 
a stern account. One of their number, lord John Russel, would 
not attempt to justify what he did not approve, and he resigned 
his office. A new ministry was formed, under lord Palmers- 
ton. Lord John Russel was sent to represent England at an- 
other congress, about to meet at Vienna. 

9. Sardinia, which, under Victor Emmanuel, is blessed with 
constitutional liberty, has now united with the allies, furnishing 
her quota of troops for the war. . . Austria, although threatened 
with the destruction of her Hungarian and Itahan provinces, has 
yet been so shrewdly managed, as not only to escape injury, but 
to occupy the proud position of being courted by all parties. 
On the 2d of December, 1854, she entered into a treaty of al- 
liance with England and France ; but without guarantee to give 
any efficient aid against Russia, whose minister remains at Vi- 
enna. Another ''Vienna note" has been sent to the czar, which 
he — at the same time calling out his whole military force — af- 
fects to accept as a basis on which to treat for peace. But the 
world, with great confidence in the abilities of Nicholas, has little 
in his sincerity .f The note provides that the Christians in Turkey 
shall be protected, but that the protectorate shall rest, not with 
Russia alone, but with the five great powers combined, viz., 
England, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Another point 
which the alhes now insist on, will be more difficult to settle ; 
which is, that there must be an end to the Russian preponder- 
ance in the Black Sea. 

1 0. Such was the state of affairs, when the great autocrat of 
all the Russias was, by the King of kings, summoned from the 
earth. He died on the 2d of March, 1855, and was succeeded 
by his oldest son, under the title of Alexander II. He has 
j)ledged himself to carry out his father's policy ; but what he will 
judge that to be, remains to be seen. The congress of Vienna are 
earnestly endeavoring to make such terms of peace, as will gain 
the assent of all parties. 



8. What was the state of the allied armies, especially the English ? What 
heroic English lady is mentioned ? What change occurred in the ministry 1 
Where was lord J. Eiissel sent? — 9. What is said of Sardinia? What of 
Austria? What is said of the second Vienna note? — 10. Whose death is 
here related, and when did it occur ? Who is his successor, and what 
course of policy does he pledge himself to pursue ? 



CHAPTER V. 

Africa.— Sandwicli Islands. — Chinese Rebellion. — Mexico, and South 
American Kcpublics. — Kepublic of America. 

1. Africa. — The inhabitants of the northern part, wliere an- Modern ms, 
cient civiHzation existed, are distinct from the various tribes of period x. 
negroes, — whom they hold in slavery,* and "regard as little chap. v. 
better than brute beasts."f In Algeria^ and at the Cape of ^ — r^-^ 
Good Hope, European improvements aie extending, under the ^^^Tay?o?s"^ 
auspices of France and England. . . In .Egypt, Ibrahim Pacha, "Journey 
by his warlike son Ismail, conquered the nations up the Nile to Ifrfca.") 
the eleventh degree of north latitude ; and founded, at the junc- 
tion of the Blue with the White Nile, the flourishing city of (tin k Lat. 
^Aartozf m,f the great slave-mart for northern Africa. Ibrahim ^3°5oooT 
and his successors have improved the agriculture and commerce 
of Egypt ; and they would have made it wholly independent of ^^^^c 



I or reasons 



Turkey, but that England interfered, to prevent the sultan being ^^'^^^Hp*''® 
thus weakened-! The present pacha of Egypt (1855) is Mo- ishAvarhas' 
hammed Said... The negro tribes inhabiting Africa have never ^"^[f g^^T®^' 
shown the same tendency to improvement, when left to them- 
selves, as other races of men ; but they remain stationary in a 
degraded barbarism, low, cruel, and obscene.§ 

2. Of the OTcat island of Madagascar,! the Avahs, of an (tLength 930 

,. . p ^ . , 'I ' miles. Pop. 

olive complexion, and superior to the negro races, are the gov- 4,700,000. 
erning tribe. French Catholic missionaries who, in 1612, sought covere?by 
to convert them to Christianity, were cruelly expelled. In 1818 the Portu- 
the reigning sovereign, R ad am a, received English Protestant ?"^^®) 
missionaries, and founded churches and schools. Through na- ^gj^f;!*' 
tive idolatrous priests, the queen, who succeeded him, expelled English Prot. 
the missionaries, and loaded their faithful proselytes with heavy missionaries. 

* Batakd Taylor, who, in 1852, visited the Shillooks,t a tall and athletic (fThey live 
tribe, learned that the men freely sold their women and children, who were far up the 
bought by their northern neighbors — the price of a boy or girl being but "White Nile.) 
twenty measures of grain. 

§ Some tribes are cannibals, and many offer human sacriiices to their (t1S49. Gezo 
bloody idols, and to the manes of the dead. Gezo, the king of Dahomey,t Lt^'porbes 
keeps a large army of women (said to be 18,000), officered by their own /^yj^^ wrote 
sex, — calling them nis wives, and arming them with swords and guns, and his travels) 
each November sending them forth for a slave-hunt. They are lierce and and Mr. Dun- 
cunning, and entrap many. " The king, after sacrificing largely" (about can, at his 
500 a year), "sells the rest." In Ashantee,* when a free man dies, one A^^^''^^' \ 
victim at least must be slaughtered " to wet the grave ;" but when it is a Ahomey.) 
chief, then all his attendants, sometimes a thousand, are sacrificed. The (*SeeMcCul- 
Bushmen are the lowest of the races, dwarfish, ugly, stupid, and cruel ; loch's Geog- 
burrowing in dens, and shooting the unwary traveler with poisoned ^^P^J-) 
arrows. . . The institution of marriage is not known among the negroes in (tAn affect- 
Africa. Infants and the deformed are freely murdered ; and aged and j"^ i"f^!^"v® 
helpless parents left alone by children in solitary places to starve and die.f ^ jirs^Hen-'' 

ning, a mis- 

1. What is said of the inhabitants of the northern part of Africa f How sionary.) 
do they speak of, and treat the negroes? What parts of Africa are under 
the government and influence of Europeans? What is said concerning 
Egypt? What of the negro tribes who continue to inhabit Africa? Give 
some account of their barbarous practices. {See note.) — 2. What is the 
length, and what the population o'i Madagascar? When and by whom 
discovered ? {See side-notes.) What is said of the Avahs ? What occurred 
in 1612? What in 1818? 

523 



524 CHINESE REBELLION. 

Modern His. chains, — enslaved some, and killed others. One thousand re- 

PERIOD X. mained in the capital, Tamaltave ; and among these, the cruel 

CHAP. V. queen discovered her only son. Maternal love prevailed, and 

' -< ' persecution ceased. . .f The new republic of Liberia, settled by 

MirEiiis to manumitted slaves and free negroes from the United States, for- 
the London warded by the exertions of the "American Colonization So- 

(tFund^— ciety,"f affords such a prospect as has never before existed of 

dots African civihzation.^ 

Lately some The Sandwich Islands havc been converted to Christianity 
become^dcf- ^y American missionaries ; who have introduced among them 
1 ®Tk^^'k ^^ ^^^^ ^^ peace, and aided in organizing their government.§ In 
SandwkhiS Hayti, a negro empire was established in April, 1852, of which 

lands con- Faustin Soulouque is cmpcror. 

verted. 

Haytien em- 3. CHINA. — The present emperor, Hien FouNG,f so far as 

pi'"^- his government over the 350,000,000 of his subjects is concern- 

(tonhe dy- ed, is but a puppet in the hands of miserable wire-pullers. Al- 

T-sing, or though he is puffed up with the belief of his own " celestial" 

\l^s, who, in origin and power, yet his high officers cheat him, especially in 

thf d/nSfy o*f collecting his revenue. They in their turn are cheated by their 

Ming.) subordinates ; and although every officer has a spy set to watch 

him, yet the two combine ; while the people are on all hands 

robbed and oppressed. The Chinese, with the cold philosophy 

of Confucius, and their unregarded idols, may almost be said to 

have no religion. Protestant missionaries have of late labored 

-. g,^ among them with some success. 

Eebeiiion 4. In 1850 a rebellion broke out in Kiang-se, a southwestern 
breaks out in mountainous province, where w^as a warlike race, secretly bound 
(+ortti°^&u ^y ^^^^^ against the Manchou-Tartar, or reigning dynasty. The 
Jfd"b ''tom' ^^^^^^ ^^^ early progress of this rebellion are mysterious. The 
to have been great Icadcr TAE-piNG-wANGf has associated with him four 
%^fs!*an Am." othcrs, ouc of whoiii is said to have been a pupil of the Protest- 
^tfonar"r ^^^t missiouary, Gutzlaff. The grand chief first brought forward 

1854. * The legislative, judicial, and executive officers of Liberia are all of the 

See speech of colored race. Pkksident Eoberts commands universal respect. White 

Mr. Latrobe, missionaries, male and female, have, with martyr-zeal, aided in educating 

Pres. of the ^ native Protestant ministry, and establisliing schools and churches. Ad- 

S55)^of Mr J^cent tribes flock in, and unite their territories with Liberia. Thus the 

'urley the" republic has extended itself 600 miles along the coast, and it has acquired 

devoted a controlling influence over 200,000 inhabitants. Thus far the traffic in 

agent. slaves is prohibited by the LIberian government. 

§ These islands might have been colonies, if colonization was approved 
by America. All she wants of them is their commerce and their frleiid- 
shlp. Though she may generously protect them, yet she neither wants the 
obligation to defend, nor the troulDle to govern them. If Liberia and the 
Sandwich Islands were annexed, and became states, their senate- vote in 
congress would balance that of New York and Pennsylvania. 

2. What was done by Eadama's successor, and through what influence ? 
What put a stop to persecution? To what society is Liberia indebted for 
its settlers? Who were they? What prospect does this republic afford ? 
Give some further account of Liberia? {See note.) What is said of the 
Sandwich Islands? What is said of Hayti ? — of Liberia and the Sandwich 
Islands, in regard to the United States ? {See note.)— 3. What is the name 
and condition of the present emperor of China? What is said of the Chi- 
nese people ?— 4. What occurred in 1850 ? Where ? What is mysterious ? 



TAE-riNG-WANG SANTA ANNA. 525 

a youth, Tien-te, as the representative of the preceding or Ming ^fodernim. 
dynasty, of whose throne the Manchou-Tartars, ho said, were tekiod x. 
usurpers — but he, by a divine mission, was to restore him to his ^""^^^ ^• 
rights. When, however, he had obtained great successes, and ^~T^^^^^ ' 
felt sufficiently strong, then he spoke and acted iu his own name ; noiAJoke' 
and forthwith Tien-te, like a Grand Lama no longer desired by ^}J|^. j" ^Jr^JJ" 
the pi'iests, disappeared. And now, Christians rejoiced to hear bet, the scat 
that the chiefs were establishing Christianity. They overthrew "j!^'^Jj)^P"?jj'*" 
pagodas, destroyed idols, and required tfcat Christ shoukl be ac- grand chief is 
kuowledged, and the ten commandments adopted. All, found in speak ChN 
arms were massacred; but by strict discipline, injuries to others °y^^;j'''^t* 
were prevented. . . In 1 852, the insurgents embarked in junks on 
the great Yang-tse-Kiang^ first took Outchang^ with its 400,000 1§52. 
inhabitants, and next, after a siege, the ancient and splendid city Kebefs take 
o^ Nankin. Tte^>J'riends of Christianity now learned with sorrow, Nankin. 
that Tae-ping-wang^'^was after all but an ambitious impostor .f tobettesou 
The insurgents, although they have experienced reverses, have of God, the 
advanced towards Pekin. At the beginning of 1855 they held brothef^of 
Canton in siege. They are still in great force, Nankin being Jesus.) 
their capital ; and a bloody civil war is desolating the empire :f ^^^se em?' 
which, however, turn as it may, can hardly fail, eventually, to grate to 
benefit the people, and allow to foreigners more commercial and other 
privileges. places.) 

5. Mexico. — After the peace (1848) the disorders of pubhc 1§53. 
affairs more and more portended a crisis. On the 6th of Janu- president re- 
ary, 1853, PREsmENT Arista resigned. Ceballos, the chief jus- ^is°s and 
tice, became by law his successor. The legislature at first made cebaiios, his 
him dictator, but, nine days afterwards, threatened him with im- niaJ^dicta- 
peachment. He sent the military and expelled them ; but, uu- tor. i9th, 
able to master the storm of anarchy, he soon fled. The Mexicans ^v^h1m- 
turned their eyes to Santa Anna ; who, instructed by misfor- peachment; 
tune, and now a peaceful citizen of Carthagena, received an ur- legislature 
gent request to return. He came, and appealing directly to the ^^ ^^^'^®* 
people, he was, by their vote, invested with full sovereignty. Ee^^Tand 
He has considerably improved public affairs ; yet Alvarez, and return of 
other brigand chiefs, oppose him, and he sustains his position by ^^.i-^gs" '^^" 

military force.f Santa Anna 

6. When the Central and South American Republics ^of50,o^o!)^ 
broke off from Spain, they undertook to construct, after the 

model of our republic, constitutional governments, based on free 
suffi'age. They recognized the doctrine of the equal rights of 

4. What is said of the leaders of the rebellion ? "What was the first 
measure of the grand chief? What was his account at that time of his 
mission? What became of Tien-te? Since the tactics of Tae-ping-wang 
resembled those of a priest of the Grand Lama, examine the side-note and 
see if you cannot find some other reason for conjecturing that such was his 
former vocation. What was his course in respect to establishing Chris- 
tianity? What farther is said of his party? — 5. What was the condition 
of Mexico after tlie peace of Gaudaloupe? What is said of Arista? — of 
Ceballos?— of Santa Anna? — 6. What was undertaken by the Central and 
South American republics ? 



526 AGITATIONS IN EEPUBLICS. 

ifodernBu. the men of the superior or white race ; but the right to worship 

PERIOD X. God according to the dictates of conscience was not allowed. 

CHAP. V. Hence there were struggles and intestine divisions, and at times 

^~"*|^~^ -^ a state of anarchy, which gave to ambitious men opportunities to 

SSe'nce P^^^h thcmselves into supreme power. Thus, in 1814, Dr. 

necessary to Francia made himself dictator in Paraguay. In 1829, Kosas 

^freedom, bccamc the tyrant of the Argentine Republic. He was, in 1852, 

I §52. overthrown and succeeded by Urquiza. But in these countries, 

Feb. 3. after j^olitical storms, thi elements subside into republicanism ; 

'ed^)y i/r- " the statcs cvcr keeping the name and the forms. Some of them, 

quiza. ^s Grenada., have operated against the authority of the priests ; 

and some, as Chili^ have earnestly set about educating both 

sexes, and all ranks of the people. 

A^folfc'e- '^- ^^^ BEPUBLIC OF AMERICA.— The message of Pres- 

ment of g^oid idcut Polk, December 4th, 1848, announced that gold covered 

in California, ^he soil of California. Ships freighted with young men gath- 

1§4§-4I> ered to her ports, and emigrants, 30,000 a year, swept across the 

piii^found™d. Rocky Mountains, — and the Pacific empire was founded. . . Gen. 

1§4©. ' Zachary Taylor, and Millard Fillmore of New York were, 

March 4. March 4th, 1849, inaugurated as president and vice-president... 

ofTafiofand '^^'^^ Indians having committed murders in Oregon, the people 

Fillmore, petitioned congress for a territorial government. It was granted 

tiie^ucceed- them, with a clause, introduced by northern members, forbidding 

Ore^on^made ^^g'^'^ stavery. The South was indignant, and debates on the 

a territory, slavery question arose in congress, so violent, that in 1850 the 

1§50. stability of the Union was endangered. Henry Clay, Daniel 

n^tionli de- Webster, and others in the senate, so painted the bloody civil 

struction. wai's, and the humiliating foreign degradations, which must fol- 

1§51. low disunion, that at length Mr. Clay's "compromise measures" 

Compromise ^yerc adopted : the South consenting: that California should be 

measures . ^ ,, . .^ , . . 

adojited. admitted as a state with a constitution which excluded slavery ; 

and the North agreeing to a law for the rendition of fugitive 

^tSritory^ ^ slavcs. . . Utah, erected into a territorj^, 1851, was in 1848 settled 

1 §53-54 ^y ^^^® Mormons, a sect founded by Joseph Smith, and so called 

"Nebraska ffom the " Book of Mormon," produced, like the Koran, by pre- 

^^^^•" tended revelations. . .* In passing the law, 1854, by which Ne- 

* Fanatics, called MiUe?'ites, were then waiting in tents for the Lord to 
Cause of the (^lescend and take up his saints. Smith taught that his followers were the 
Monifonism ^"'"^ latter-day saints — that the place of the second advent was to be the 
Mormon temple, and that none would be saved but those who gatliereu 
J84J.^ there, bringing all their wealth. Many came, — some from the ditt'crcnt 
Nauvoo, in states of the Union, but more from Great Britain, whither the Mormons 
the K bank '^^^^ emissaries to make proselytes. They claimed in 1843 to have 20(t,(M)(i, 
of the upper '^^' ^hom 10,000 were living at their principal seat, JVauvoo, where tiicy 
Mississippi, had a stately temple. The earth with its fulness, they said, belonged to 

6. What principle did they recognize? What was not with them, as 
with our republic, allowed ? What was the consequence ? What happened 
in 1814? What in 1829? In 1852? What shows the attachment of tliese 
states to republicanism ? What is said of Grenada? — of Chili? — 7. What, 
after the treaty of 1848, preceded the founding of the American Paciiic 
empire ? What occurred March 4th, 1849 ? What introduced dangerous 
debates in congress ? How was the slavery agitation quieted? When was 
Utah settled, and by whom ? 



AMERICAN PROSPERITY. 527 

braska and Kansas were erected into territories, the line of north Modern lUs. 
latitude 36° 30' was abrogated by congress, as being the north- period x. 
eru limit of slavery.! ^"^^- ^• 

8. An exploring expedition was sent out, in 1838, under com- ^^■'^v -^ 
MODORE Wilkes ; who discovered a southern uninhabited conti- 1820, Vhen' 
nent. . . He imparted such information to the government as Missouri was 
eventually led to the extension both of the republic's territory,! Ig'^^ ^.', 

and its commercial relations American sailors had been lani's iiist. of 

cast away and ill treated on the Japan Islands. Commodore ^|j'^55^*'^ 
Perry was sent out to them with a squadron ; and after many Feb. u. 
delays and ceremonies, during which the commodore so played j^turnf wmi 
his part as to win for his country the respect and confidence of tiie Japan 
that singular people, he obtained a treaty, by which those also o*ne from 
wealthy islands, heretofore closed to the world, were partially the Loo- 
opened to our commerce Disregarding the proclamations of Two Cuban' 

presidents Taylor and Fillmore, two secret, illegal armaments ^f^^1ch^°"^' 
Irom southern ports invaded Cuba. Their military bands effected cording to 
at each time a landing. The first invaders escaped from the nSiolfsrwere 
coast after a bloody skirmish at Cardenas ; the second, proceed- piratical 
ing into the interior, the inhabitants rose against them, and took cr^ftenden, 
them prisoners. Several were put to death, among whom was p^gg^^^^'j^^^ 
Lopez, the general, a patriot Cuban, and Crittenden, an enthu- the garotte, 
siastic young American ofiicer. ^^^^' 

9. The necessity of a transit to and from her Pacific empire, 
has brought our repubhc into closer connection with other parts 

of the continent. By the enterprise of citizens of the United 1855. 
States, acting with the co-operation of the two governments con- Shmus 

Cerned, a railroad across the isthmus, from AspINWALL to Eallroad 

Panama, is now opened, whose running time is but 3 \ hours. . . ^^^"^ 
There is a prospect that the navigation of the great Amazon will 
soon, be thrown open to our commerce, as, by treaty, the La Plata 
now is. 

10. The peaceful increase of America, continues to exceed that ^^y"^- 

r, 1^ ., ,. ',... Foreign em- 

01 any other nation known to history, lioreign immigration igrants, 
is thus far augmenting, it having the last year reached nearly (neariy^haif 
half a million. A wholesome fear of this vast foreign mass, some Germans). 

the saints ; and secret theft, rapine, and naurder were rife. Public justice 1844. 
was either intimidated or bribed. The people around became furious. June 2T. 
Smith and his brother were murdered in prison, by men in disguise. J- Smith and 
The Mormons sold Nauvoo, and, under Brigham Young, went west and ^ i^^j.^"^" 
founded Salt Lake Gity. Providence has thus settled the wilderness, and ^^\^1„q ^^' 
made a half-way house for famishing emigrants to California. But Mor- . " ' ^ 
monism must become virtuous before it can truly prosper; and especially ^ 
must it root out polygamy — by which men are brutalized, women degraded, Mormons 
and children worse than orphaned. ^Salf Lake° 

7. What fanatics were easily turned to Mormonism, and what further 
account can you give of the Mormons? {See note.) When, and on what 
occasion was the line of north latitude, 36° 30', abrogated as the northern 
limit of slavery ? When was it made so ? {See side-note.) — 8. Giye some 
account of the exploring expedition. Of the obtaining of a treaty with 
Japan ? Of the two Cuban expeditions. — 9. To what has the necessities of 
transit between us and the Californians given rise ? What irhportant rail- 
road is mentioned ? What rivers are mentioned, and what is said of them ? 
10. What may be said of the increase of the republic? 



528 CONCLUSION. 

Mod&m His, of whom are vicious, some ignorant, and some imbued with prin- 
PEEIOD X. ciples antagonistic to American free institutions, begins to per- 
CHAP. V. ^^^g ^jjg country, — connected with the sensitive apprehension 
' "< ' that these are endangered by vice and disregard to law. Hence, 
fear of^rime learning by the statistics of prisons, &c., that intemperance is the 
and anarchy, cause of the great majority of crimes, several of the states, folbw- 
ing the example of Maine, have made stringent laws prohibiting 
the traffic in intoxicating liquors. . . Officers who faithfuUv exe- 
cute the laws, especially in cities, where anarchy is most to be 
feared, are at this time praised and honored by all parties. 

11. If, as we believe, they are wrong, who teach that it is the 
inevitable destiny of our republic to fall into anarchy and thence 
pass to despotism ; no less do they err, who treat with levity every 
suggestion that such is our danger. Has the Ruler of Nations 
given assurance, that he will set aside the order of his providence 
in our behalf ? Has he given us a license to commit, with im- 
punity, oflfences for which he has ffiled other nations with blood ? 
Let the father consider, as he looks upon the group which sur- 
rounds his fireside, that, although their being has begun under 
the sunny skies of public prosperity, its course may lie through 
the gloomy influences of public misrule, and finally, of desolating 
anarchy ; — then will he turn aside from his too anxious cares to 
earn a fortune for their present and future luxury, and awake to 
preserve the institutions of his country, which cannot go to decay 
without dashing out the value of property, and putting life itself 
in peril ; for, rocked in the eagle-nest of liberty, America must 
first be crushed, before she changes her republicanism for mon- 
archy. He would then lay by his petty prejudices of section or 
^hich^our" V^'^J '■) — ^® would vote for no miscreant to public office, who, 
citizens may false to the laws of his God, and a traitor to his domestic relations, 
^^Sinta-y."'^ makes a contemptible parade of his love to his country ; — he 
would pay no money to support public prints, which are careless of 
truth, and scatter public immorality; — and he would not, by laxity 
of family discipline, leave the wills of his children in the untamed 
condition of savage nature ; but betimes inure them to obey law- 
ful authorities. In all the boasted political compacts of th^ 
founders of our government, the solemn obhgation was entered 
into, to yield voluntary obedience to the constituted powers. 
The conscientious respect to law in the hearts of the people, is 
that one virtue — the offspring and the parent of many others — 
which alone can sustain a republican government. This, with 
the continued smiles of the God of our Fathers, may preserve 
our noble political inheritance, — not only to bless our own pos- 
terity, — but to remain, a refuge, and a star of hope, to the op- 
pressed of other nations. 

_ 10. What is said of foreign immigration ? — of the fears and apprehen- 
sions of the people? What measure, in several states, has the just fear of 
crime produced ? What is now public sentiment concerning the faithful 
execution of law? — 11. What are the author's concluding remarks? 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



MRS. WILLARD'S Hi 




018 485 731 5 



PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & C^ 

51 JOHK STEEET, NEW YORK. 



The following series of Histories by Mrs. Emma Willard, founder of 
the Troy Feaiale Seminary, possess all the important requisites of text- 
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T¥illarcl's History of the United States, or Republic of 

America, with a full Chronological Table, and a series of Progressive Maps. 
The subjects are divided into Parts and Periods. Part I. embraces the Discovery 
and Settlement of the Country ; Part II., Colonization, French and Indian Wars; 
Part III., American Revolution ; Part IV., Free Constitutional Government. Each 
Part is divided by Epochs into Periods. This History was Daniel Webster's book 
of reference. In 1850 he told Senator Winthrop he did not travel without it. 
Two sizes of this work are published, to meet the wants of the young and the 
old. The full work is intended for academies, private students, and libraries. 
Price $1 60. 
The abridgment is a text-book for schools, and extensively used. Price 76ct8. 

lifillard'S Republic of America, translated into elegant Spanish by 

Miguel Tolon. (This Histpry is also translated into German.) Price $1 50. 

l¥illard's ]L.ast L.eaves of American History, including a 
HISTOEY OF CALIFOENIA, with a full account of its first settlement, and the 
disagreement of Fremont and Stockton with Kearney. 1 vol., 12mo. Price 75cts. 

HVillard's Universal History in Perspective, with a Chronolo- 
gical Table, a series of Maps, and a Map of Time, or Picture of Nations. Divided 
into Ancient, Middle, and Modet-n History— each Part divided into Periods by 
Epochs. This edition of the UNIVERSAL HISTOEY includes the latest events 
ofthe world to 1855. Price $1 50. 

l¥illard's Ouide to tiie Temple of Time, and containing an 

epitome of Universal History, for the use of beginners. Price 62ict8. 

Willard's Astronogrrapher, or a Treatise upon Astrono- 
my and the Globes. Just published. Price $1. 



WILLARD'S CHRONOLOGICAL CHARTS. 

These Charts were presented at the great "Exhibition of the Works of Industry 
of all Nations," held in London, 1851, of which a jury, appointed to examine the 
merits, awarded to Mrs. Willard a medal. 

Temple of Time, or liVillard's Universal Chronogfrapher: 

exhibiting a complete view of Universal History. 

IVillard's Ancient €hronog:raplier : a Chart of Ancient History. 
This is adapted to Sunday Schools, on account of its connection with Scripture 
History. 

"Willard's English Chronographer, or Chart of Eni:lish 
History. 

These Charts are handsomely Colored, Varnished, and Mounted, and sold for 
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